Neurological Development One

Question 1

What are the major Gyri?

Answer 1

Pre central gyrus = motor cortex
Post central gyrus = sensory cortex
Sup,mid,inf frontal gyrus
Sup,mid,inf temporal gyrus
Sup,inf parietal gyrus

Question 2

What are the possible divisions of the brain?

Answer 2

Gray matter or white matter.

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

Dominant and non-dominant

Question 3

How is the primary motor cortex and primary sensory cortex organized?

Answer 3

Somatopically

Motor homunculus and sensory homunculus

Question 4

What is the function of Broca’s area?

Answer 4

Motor aspect of speech

Question 5

What is the function of wernickes area?

Answer 5

Sensory area of what sound and speech means.

Question 6

What is the function of exners area?

Answer 6

Motor control of the hand.

Question 7

What is the function of the supramarginal gyrus?

Answer 7

Reading

Question 8

What is the function of angular gyrus?

Answer 8

Writing

Question 9

What is the function of the occipital cortex?

Answer 9

Vision

Question 10

What controls the motor aspect of speech?

Answer 10

Broca’s area

Question 11

What controls the sensory aspect of what sounds and speech mean?

Answer 11

Wernickes area

Question 12

What controls the motor control of the hand?

Answer 12

Exners area

Question 13

What processes reading information?

Answer 13

Supramarginal gyrus

Question 14

What controls writing?

Answer 14

Angular gyrus

Question 15

What are the functions of the frontal association cortex?

Answer 15

• Intelligence
• Behaviour
• Mood
• Personality

Question 16

What are the functions of the parietal association cortex?

Answer 16

Spatial skills
3D recognition
Shapes and Faces

Question 17

What are the functions of the temporal association Area?

Answer 17

Memory
Aggression
Intelligence

Question 18

What are the types of fibres between areas?

Answer 18

Association fibres (within hemisphere)
Commissural fibres (between hemispheres) 
Projection fibres (between brain and spinal cord or muscle)

Question 19

What is the difference between Primary areas and Secondary association areas of the brain?

Answer 19

Primary Areas process mechanical information (input). While secondary areas process the information received by the primary areas.

Question 20

It was previously thought that the brain function was a result of the entire brains collaboration. What is the understanding now?

Answer 20

Specific regions of the brain have a individual functionality.

Question 21

Are all areas of the brain understood?

Answer 21

No, there are areas with unknown function.

Question 22

What are some examples of association areas?

Answer 22

Frontal association area
Temporal association area
Parietal association area

Question 23

What is the function of brocas area?

Answer 23

The planning of motor movement required for speech.

Question 24

Where is brocas area located?

Answer 24

In the planning area of the frontal cortex adjacent the motor homunculus area responsible for vocalization.

Question 25

How does brocas area work?

Answer 25

It sends output to the primary motor area to activate the neurons responsible for the production of speech in a order planned by brocas area.

Question 26

What connect brocas area and wernickes area?

Answer 26

The arcuate fasiculus

Question 27

What happens when someone has a lesion to their arcuate fasiculus?

Answer 27

Can understand speech but the respond they give to a question will be irrelevant to the question

Question 28

How can a lesion of the arcuate fasiculus be detected?

Answer 28

Asking a person to repeat a word you say and they are incapable of doing so.

Question 29

What is the clinical name for a arcuate fasiculus lesion?

Answer 29

Connection Aphasia

Question 30

What does damage to wernickes area result in?

Answer 30

Fluent aphasia

Question 31

What does damage to brocas area result in?

Answer 31

Non-fluent aphasia

Question 32

What is the function of wernickes area?

Answer 32

To understand speech

Question 33

What is an example of association fibres?

Answer 33

Arcuate fasiculus (within hemisphere)

Question 34

What is an example of commissural fibres?

Answer 34

Corpus collosum (between hemispheres)

Question 35

What is an example of projection fibres?

Answer 35

Corticospinal tract (brain to spinal cord or muscles)

Question 36

What is a sulcus?

Answer 36

A deep groove

Question 37

What is a gyrus?

Answer 37

A ridge

Question 38

What are some major sulci?

Answer 38

Central Sulcus | parieto-occipital sulcus (obvious in midsaggital view)

Question 39

What are some major landmarks of the brain?

Answer 39

Pre-occipital notch Lateral fissure Central sulcus Cerebellum

Question 40

With regards to functional input what is important in regards to hemisphere responsibility?

Answer 40

There is a dominant hemisphere, mostly the left due the significant proportion of right handed people. Some left handed people have left dominant hemispheres and a minority have right dominant hemispheres therefore it is important to remember as a clinician that this is the case.

Question 41

How is the primary auditory area arranged?

Answer 41

Tonotopically, therefore each region of it is dedicated to a specific tone.

Question 42

What nuclie are found in the basal ganglia?

Answer 42

Caudate nucleus Putamen (Together the caudate nucleus and the putamen form the striatum) ``` Globus pallidus (internal and external) Subthalamic nucleus Substantia niagra (pars compacta and pars reticularis ```

Question 43

Where does the basal ganglia recieve input from?

Answer 43

Cerebral cortex

Question 44

Where is the output of the basal ganglia to?

Answer 44

Prefrontal, premotor, and motor cortices via the thalamus.

Question 45

Where is the head of the caudate nucleus located?

Answer 45

Lateral aspect of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle.

Question 46

Where is the tail of the caudate nucleus?

Answer 46

Follows the course of the lateral ventricle.

Question 47

How is the striatum divided?

Answer 47

In two by the internal capsule. Allows communication between the cortex and the thalamus.

Question 48

What is the external capsule?

Answer 48

A white matter tract that divides the putamen from the claustrum.

Question 49

What is lateral to the claustrum?

Answer 49

The extreme capsule.

Question 50

What is lateral to the extreme capsule?

Answer 50

Insular cortex and temporal operculum

Question 51

What is the thalamus?

Answer 51

A relay station. Relaying sensory information to the brain and output from the brain to the target organs or structures.

Question 52

What nuclie are found in the thalamus?.

Answer 52

VA-VL

Question 53

What structures are found in the brain stem?

Answer 53

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Question 54

Listing structures anterior to posterior, what is found in the midbrain?

Answer 54

Crus cerebri Substantia niagra Tegmentum Tectum (1- corpa (body) quadrigemina (four nerve budles) 2- Sup and inf colliculus)

Question 55

What is the function of substantia niagra?

Answer 55

Projects and recieves fibres from the striatum. Dopamine rich.

Question 56

What is the function of the tegmentum?

Answer 56

``` Sensory pathways. Anterolateral system (pain and temperature) ```

Question 57

What is the function of the crus cerebri?

Answer 57

Motor information pathway

Question 58

What is the function of the Superior colliculis of the tectum?

Answer 58

Reflex orientation from retina information I.e see something and it outputs by activating muscles to orientate eyes or head in the direction of unusual sight.

Question 59

what is the function of the inferior colliculis of the tectum?

Answer 59

Reflex orientation with regards to sound.

Question 60

List the structures of the pons anterior to posterior?

Answer 60

Pars basilaris (continuation of motor pathway) Tegmentum pontine cerebral peduncles

Question 61

What is the function of the pars basilaris?

Answer 61

Contain corticopsinal tract fibres from motor cortex to medullary pyramids.

Question 62

What are the functions of the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 62

Allows fibres to and from the cerebellum

Question 63

What are the structures of the medulla oblongata ant to post?

Answer 63

Medullary pyramids | Tegmentum (medullary part)

Question 64

What is the function of the medullary pyramids?

Answer 64

Allow decusation of corticospinal fibres

Question 65

What are three differences between motor and sensory humunculus?

Answer 65

Sensory humunclus has genitals motor doesnt. Hands are much larger for motor humunclus Sensory humunclus has includes gums, teeth etc.

Question 66

What observations can be made of the ventricles?

Answer 66

The system is symmetrical. ``` Contains: Lateral ventricles Third ventricle with interventricular foreman Cerebral aqueduct Fourth ventricle Central Canal ```

Question 67

What do the lateral ventricles look like?

Answer 67

Goats horns

Question 68

What does the pars basilaris have a lot of?

Answer 68

Nuclie

Question 69

Why does the pars basilaris have a lot of nuclei and what are the implications of this?

Answer 69

The nuclie give rise to neurons of the face e.g trigeminal nerve. This means that the motor fibres e.g corticospinal tract must diverge and split to go around the nuclei, hence the bulged appearance

Question 70

What is the difference between cerebral and cerebellum control of the body?

Answer 70

Cerebellum controls the same side the cerebral cortex is the opposite.