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Equine Year 4 > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q 
Trauma: ↑↑ most often
Abscess 
Cholesterol granuloma 
Verminous 
Infectious meningoencephalomyelitis 
Neoplasia 
Toxins
Intracarotid injection 
Sleep disorders: narcolepsy, (can get secondary to orthopaedic disease)  sleep deprivation 
Metabolic: HE, intestinal hyperammoniaemia, electrolyte imbalances
Hepatic encephalopathy

causes of which type of neuro conditions?

A

forebrain disease

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2
Q

Disorders of behaviour and personality: aggression, compulsive walking, loss of learnt behaviour, yawning
Seizures – mostly rapid lip movement as most of forebrain controls lips.
Blindness

Altered states of consciousness:

  • Alert → Quiet → Depressed → Obtunded → Comatose – Head posture (head and neck turn, head pressing)
  • Not responding to painful stimuli

which region affected?

A

Forebrain

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3
Q

young arab horse with seizures, hypoxoa in birth

cause?

A

juvenile idiopathic arab epilepsy

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4
Q 
trauma, idiopathic, otitis media/ interna- not as common as in small animals  
temporohyoid osteoarthopathy (THO)

disease caused in which region?

A

vestibular

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5
Q

Head tilt
Nystagmus
Ventral strabismus
Ataxia

which region affected?

A

vestibular

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6
Q

which region is affected if when blindfolded, the ataxia gets worse?

A

brainstem / vestibular

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7
Q

what is temporohyoid osteoarthopathy (THO)

A

tylohyoid fractures causing inflammation which impacts on nerves

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8
Q

dropped ear, ptosis, nostril deviation

left untreated: exposure keratitis, dysphagia and poor performance due to nostril collapse

cause?

A

facial nerve paralysis

CN VII and VIII

(brainstem)

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9
Q 
what are the cranial nerves 
O
O
O
T
T
A
F
G
V
A
H
A 
I. Olfactory nerve
II. Optic nerve
III. Oculomotor nerve
IV. Trochlear nerve
V. Trigeminal nerve
VI. Abducens nerve
VII. Facial nerve
VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve
IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve
X. Vagus nerve
XI. Accessory nerve
XII. Hypoglossal nerve
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10
Q

All on affected side
Miosis, enophthalmos, ptosis, protruding nictitating membrane
Hyperaemic membranes, sweating

caused by extravascular injection of irritant eg buscopan
» interuption of sympathetic innervation to head and neck

A

horners syndrome

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11
Q

what is miosis

A

pupil shrinkage, even in dark light

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12
Q

NO ANAL TONE/ ANYTHING AROUND ANUS AND TAIL

Degrees of hypotonia, hyporeflexia ad hypalgesia of the tail, anus and perineal region, urinary bladder paralysis, rectal dilation, penile prolapse

+/- LMN weakness and paresis of pelvic limbs

condition?

A

Cauda Equina syndrome

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13
Q

EHV 1 can cause which neurological condition?

A

Cauda Equina syndrome ± ataxia, ± cranial nerve sign

Encephalopathy

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14
Q

Sudden onset and early stabilisation of signs including ataxia, paresis, urinary incontinence (and rarely cranial nerve signs)

clinical signs result from vasculitis and thrombosis of arterioles in spinal cord and brain

can occur sporadically or as an outbreak

A

EHV-1 encephalopathy

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15
Q

is this type I or type II cervical vertebra malformation

Young horses ,
Compression as a result of developmental abnormalities
Dynamic stenosis – Any site

A

type 1

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16
Q

is this type I or type II cervical vertebra malformation

Older horses
OA of articular processes
Static stenosis
C5-C6 and C6-C7 most common

A

type 2

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17
Q

what is calculated to diagnose cervical vertebra malformation (CVM)

A

cervical vertebral ratio

can see if canal has actually narrowed

18
Q

most common cause of ataxia in horses UK

A

cervical vertebra malformation

all 4 limbs
hindlimbs» affected than forelimbs

19
Q

OA
changes in spinal angulation
ski jumps

are seen in which condition

A

CVM

20
Q

what is the

Intravertebral sagittal diameter

A

narrowest spinal canal measurement (a) : widest part of vertebra body
(b),

a should be at least 50% of b

lower % suggests narrowing of canal.

21
Q

what is the Intervertebral sagittal diameter

A

= between 2 vertebra

22
Q

tx for type I CVM

A

dietary restrictions and surgery

23
Q

tx for type II CVM

A

intraarticular corticosteroids US guided

24
Q

what is occipito-atlantoaxial malformation

A

See fusion of back of skull and C1 and C2

Arab horses

25
Q

horse is ‘shivering’ with snappy gait

snatches up hindlimb when picked up, flexes and holds

accentuated when turning or backing horse or if excited

A

Reflex hypertonia of flexor muscles of pelvic limbs

always progressive

draft breeds

26
Q

what is sudden involuntary exaggerated flexion of one or both hindlimbs during attempted movement

2 types

A

stringhalt

27
Q

which type of stringhalt is caused by dandelion, flat weed

A

australian or plant associated

28
Q

which type of stringhalt is treated with myotenectomy of lateral digital extensor

A

sporadic stringhalt

29
Q

which nerve is damaged if a horse has the inability to flex shoulder, extend the limb or fix the elbow

A

radial nerve

30
Q

which nerve is damaged if a horse has the inability to abduct limb or advance shoulder

it is nicknamed sweeny/ shoulder slip

less common now, more in hard working draft horses pulling things

A

suprascapular nerve

Atrophy of supra- and infraspinatus,

31
Q

horse has weight loss (muscle wasting- looks like greyhound ), muscle fasciculations, prolonged recumbency

Ocular signs in 30-40% cases: brown pigment accumulation in retina

ddx?
dx?
tx?

A

Equine Motor Neurone Disease
vit E and selium levels (low levels cause motor neuron degeneration)

vit E supplementation

32
Q

cause of botulism in horses?

A

Clostridial botulinum B,C and D

33
Q

hisotry of water with dead waterfowl in/ contaminated feed
Symmetrical weakness (muscle tremors) – Stumble, ataxi
Tongue weakness, dysphagia
Hang head, nose on ground
Eventually recumbent
Dyspnoea: intercostal and diaphragm paralysis – GI stasis, urine dribbling

causes shaker foal syndrome rarely

ddx?
tx?

A

botulism

Antitoxin (USA, expensive) – Penicillin don’t know if it helps (not procaine!) – Supportive, fluids.

34
Q

initial episodes of trembling

foal dies in 10 days due to respiratory muscle paralysis

history of contaminated feed

A

shaker foal syndrome

botulism

35
Q 
Elevated tail head 
Stiff gait 
Anxious: ears back, eyelids wide open, nostrils flared, head extended 
Lock jaw: drool, can’t swallow 
Prolapse 3rd eyelid 
Recumbency, rigidity 
Secondary ulcers, trauma

ddx?

A

tetanus

36
Q

treatment for tetanus if unvaccinated

A

antioxin

toxoid

37
Q

treatment for tetanus if vaccinated

A

tetanus toxoid vaccine

38
Q

vaccine for tetanus

how often booster

A

toxoid

yearly

39
Q

supportive treatment for tetanus in unvaccinated

A

muscle relaxation: acepromazine, diazepam
quiet dark environment
eliminate source
metronidazole to combat source

40
Q

source of tetanus

A

gram positive anaerobic bacteria

sporulates in wounds and releases toxins

hence worry about tenanus if open wound, as provides right environment for this sporulation to occur

Equine Year 4 (10 decks)

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