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equine year 4 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Stallion is a male horse

> ? years?
entire or neutered?

A

> 4 years entire

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2
Q

when does puberty occur for stallion?

A

12-24 months

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3
Q

when do testis descend in the stallion?

A

begins in gestation, at or around birth finishes

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4
Q

how long does spermatogenesis take in a stallion?

A

60 days

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5
Q

what is DSO?

A

Daily sperm output

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6
Q

biggest limiting factor on stallion fertility?

A

libido

semen production

semen quality

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7
Q

does testicular size affect fertility

A

bigger testicles, more sperm

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8
Q

Tests for which 2 notifiable diseases are carried out on stallions?

A

CEM= contagious equine metritis

EVA= equine viral arteritis

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9
Q

Which notifiable disease tested for in stallions is

caused by: taylorella equigenitalis
site swabbed is: urethra, urethral fossa, penile sheath and pre-ejactulate fluid if available

A

Contagious equine metritis (CEM)

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10
Q

Which notifiable disease tested for in stallions:

causes abortions in mares, stallions are carriers

site tested is: blood test before first use to prove seronegative

what vaccine is available for this?

A

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)

vaccine= artervac, boosters X2 year

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11
Q

Which stallion genital injury is this:

penis out of sheath hanging down

tx: firmly replaced penis in sheath, +/- purse string suture across preputial orifice under GA

A

paraphimosis

if prolonged can cause pudendal nerve injury

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12
Q

Which stallion genital injury is this:

erected penis all the time,

surgically corrected by flushing corpus cavernosum with heparinised saline under GA

tx?

A

priapism

beta 2 agonist

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13
Q

stallion specific causes of colic?

A 
scrotal hernais (+ inguinal hernia )
testicular torsion
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14
Q

which of the following types of semen matches the description?

fresh/ chilled/ frozen

give 48 hours before ovulation
through cervix via insemination catheter

A

fresh or chilled

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15
Q

which of the following types of semen matches the description?

fresh/ chilled/ frozen

give 12 hours before or 6 hours after ovulation
insemination gun through cervix, or into uterine horn on side of ovulation

A

frozen

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16
Q

normal GI colic
colonic infarctions/ necrosis
uterine torsion
foal moving

are all possible causes of colic affected which type of horse

A

pre-parturient pregnant mare

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17
Q

4 causes of overally large mare

A

1) feeding as if pregnant mare but not, just fat
2) ventral oedema due to foetus squashing lymphatics
3) ruptured pre-pubic tendon due to weight of foetus
4) hydrops allantois (excess fluid in allantoic sac)

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18
Q

Overally large mare

large plaque of ventral oedema, near full term pregnancy
mare is well
non painful

this condition is not usually treated

which cause of overally large mare?

A

Ventral oedema

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19
Q

Large mare
bloody discharge in milk
colic signs
mare is recumbent

treated with bute, foaling assiistance often needed as abdominal muscles reduced function
often euthanasia

which cause of overally large mare?

A

pre pubic tendon rupture due to weight of foetus

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20
Q

large mare

colic signs
dyspnoea
recumbent

+/- deformed foal

tx: induce foaling (+ remove foal) or abortion so can dilate cervix and drain fluid
+ IV fluids to maintain BP

which cause of overally large mare?

A

hydrops allantois (sudden)

hydrops hydramnios (more fluid than usual)

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21
Q

uterine rupture and tears
cervical tears
perineal tears

occur in which stage of pregnancy

A

intrapartum

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22
Q 
uterine cramps
normal GI colic
uterine haemorrhage
colonic torsion
uterine horn inversion
colonic infarctions/ necroris

causes of colic in which horse?

A

post partum mare

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23
Q

mare

premature udder development + lactation
some vaginal discharge

US: placental thickening

cause?
tx?
affects which horses?

A

pre parturient mares

placentitis

tx: potentiated sulphonamides + bute

24
Q

pregnant mare

vaginal bleeding small amounts

cause?

A

varicose veins

usually non tx

25
Q

which drug can you use to stimulate foal breathing after parturition?

A

doxapram

26
Q

if a complete uterine rupture or tear occurs in a pregnant mare, what happens?

A

foal may fall into abdomen
mare fatally haemorrhage
peritonitis and fatal endotoxaemia > extract foal and euthanise mare

27
Q

if a mare has a third degree perineal laceration, what should you do?

A

(vagina/ vulva and rectum comminicate)

do not suture up&raquo_space; will break down and trap infection

delay surgery 4-6 weeks until granulated tissue present

28
Q

if cervical laceration needs repair, when should you do it?

A

delay repair until after uterine involution

29
Q

mare post partum

mild to moderate colics with no signs of endotoxaemia

ddx?
tx?

A

uterine cramps

resolves with buscopan or phenylbutazone

30
Q

post partum mare

colic returning despite analagesia

may lead to uterine prolapse if not tx

ddx?
tx

A

inversion of uterine horn

buscopan/ clenbuterol to relax spasms

manual replacement + uterine lavage

31
Q

post partum mare (old)

mild- mod colic signs» then shock

ddx?

tx?

A

uterine artery rupture

sedate + analgesia

IV fluids and blood transfusion

clotting agents

32
Q

prognosis for a uterus or rectal prolapse?

A

poor, usually bad damage to blood supply

clean uterus and replace under epidural
give oxytocin once replaced
broad spectrum ABs and NSAIDs

33
Q

retained placenta over ? hours is abnormal?

which br susceptible

A

4 hours

heavy horses

34
Q

tx for retained foetal membranes?

A

oxytocin + flunixin

cannot leave&raquo_space; metritis> endotoxaemia» severe lamnitis and death

35
Q

is manual traction on rfm advised?

A

sometimes

gentle traction on allantois (red bag)

36
Q

mare, muscle fasiculations, recumbency, diaphragmatic flutter

rare in horses, but what is it?

A

hypocalcaemia

37
Q

what is pneumovagina and how is it treated?

A

air in vagina

corrected by caslicks

38
Q

what is the caslick procedure?

A

improve vulvar competence - suture over vagina

remove sutures 10-14 days later

39
Q

what is gadds procedure used for?

A

used to reconstruct vagina after second degree perianal lacerations or in older mares with loss of perineal body/ straight vestibule

40
Q

what is urovagina and how tx?

what is it important to rule out in young fillies

A

urine pooling in vagina

urehtral extension
caudal relocation of transverse fold

ectopic ureter

41
Q

how would you diagnose cervical lacerations and how treat?

A

thumb in cervix and palpate all way round with fingers

wait for dioestrus >3 wks post partum

stay sutures with 3 layer closure

42
Q

delayed uterine clearance

due to post mating persistent endometritis

how tx?

A

uterine suspension to restore normal horizontal orientation of uterine horns

43
Q

ovulation but no embyro or oocyte in uterus?

ddx?
tx?

A

oviduct blockage

prostaglandin to relax smooth muscle of oviduct and modulate oviductal transport

44
Q

which degree perineal laceration is this?

mucosal damage
caslick/ no surgery required

A

first degree

45
Q

which degree perineal laceration is this?

mucosa, submucosa and perineal muscles lacerated
caslicks procedure and reconstruction of perineal body

A

2nd degree

46
Q

which degree perineal laceration is this?

complete disruption of rectobulbular shelf, perineal body and anuma
requires surgical repair but delayed for 4-6 weeks as will be too inflamed and will break down

A

3rd degree

often caused by foals foot

47
Q

penetration of foals foot into rectum without 3rd degree perineal laceration
or
unsuccessful repair of 3rd degree lacerations

can lead to what?

A

rectovestibular fistula

48
Q

an-oestrus/ continual oestrus behaviour in mare
stallion like behaviour

enlarged ovary on rectal exam
increased testosterone, inhibin and Anti mullerian hormone

ddx?
tx?

A

Granulosa cell tumour (GCT)

most common neoplastic disorder of the ovaries

ovariectomy via laparoscopy under GA

or

Colpotomy= blind extraction

49
Q

what is a red bag delivery?

A

placenta prematurely detached from uterus during birth and foetus is no longer supported

50
Q

mare straining to deliver,

when should foal be out by

A

max 30 mins

51
Q

gestation for a horse

A

11-12 months

52
Q

what is ‘rigs’ in horses

should be suspected in stallion like behaviour without palpable testis

A

cryptochidism

tx removal testicle

53
Q

most common penile neoplasia?

A

SCC

54
Q

common neoplasias of penile shaft?

A

melanomas and sarcoids

55
Q

vinsots, williams and scotts are surgical methods of what?

A

phallectomy - penile amputation

56
Q

external infetion, cystitis and epididymitis and seminal vesiculitis can all cause what?

A

pyospermia

equine year 4 (10 decks)

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