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Neurology and ophthalmology Flashcards

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1
Q

What structure of the eye is a thin transparent/pink mucous membrane that starts at the limbus and forms a continuous sheet over eyelids, third eyelid and globe?

A

The conjunctival surfaces

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2
Q

What breed is mucinosis common in?

A

Shar Pei

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3
Q

What clinical signs are associated with acute conjunctivitis?

A

Hyperaemia, chemosis, swelling/thickening, discharge, mild irritation/blepharospasm, pruritus

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic conjunctivitis?

A

Thickening squamous metaplasia of epithelium, hyperpigmentation, follicular hyperplasia.

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5
Q

What are the four types of ocular discharge?

A
  1. Purulent
  2. Thick/tenacious
  3. Serous
  4. Haemorrhagic
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6
Q

What are some non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis?

A

FBs, irritants, allergic, adnexal disease

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7
Q

What is entropion?

A

Inversion of the eyelid margin

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8
Q

How do you treat entropion?

A

Hotz-celcius surgery involving the removal of elliptical piece of skin

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9
Q

What is distichiasis?

A

Extra eyelashes emerge from meibomian gland orifices

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10
Q

What are ectopic cilia?

A

Lashes that arise from the follicle inside/near the meibomian gland. They emerge through the conjunctiva at right angles to the cornea.

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11
Q

What does KCS stand for?

A

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - dry eye

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12
Q

What breeds are pre-disposed to KCS?

A

WHWT, Pug, Shih Tzu, CKCS, English cocker

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of dry eye?

A

Recurrent conjunctivitis that improves with any topical treatment, tacky mucoid-mucopurulent discharge stuck to the ocular surface.
Blepharospasm +/- corneal ulceration

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14
Q

What additional clinical signs are seen with chronic KCS?

A

Corneal vascularisation, fibrosis and pigmentation, reduced vision

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15
Q

What is considered a normal Schirmer tear test?

A

15-25 mm/min

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16
Q

What is epiphora?

A

Tear overflow due to poor teat drainage

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17
Q

What conditions can a red eye be a sign of?

A

Uveitis, glaucoma and scleritis/episcleritis

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18
Q

What topical antibiotics can be used in ophthalmology treatment?

A

Fusidic acid (Isathal)
Chloramphenicol drops/ointment
Other antibiotics based on C+S

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19
Q

What infectious pathogens can cause feline conjunctivitis?

A

Chlamydophila felis
Feline herpesvirus-1
Feline calicivirus
Mycoplasma felis
Bordetella bronchiseptica

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of Chlamydophila felis?

A

Conjunctivitis
Chemosis
Hyperaemia
Absent or mild upper respiratory disease

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21
Q

How do you treat Chlamydophila felis?

A

Systemic treatment - doxycycline
Amoxiclav in pregnant queens and kittens

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22
Q

What is the definition of a corneal ulcer?

A

Break in continuity or corneal epithelium with exposure of underlying stroma

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23
Q

Which type of corneal ulcer is more painful? Superficial or deep?

A

Superficial

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24
Q

What does SCCEDs stand for?

A

Spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects

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25
What clinical signs can be seen with a painful eye?
Increased lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia Conjunctival hyperaemia, discharge, corneal oedema, reflex uveitis
26
What breed is commonly affected by spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects?
Boxers
27
What are the characteristics of SCEEDs?
Epithelium loss only with no stroma involvement. Lip of loose epithelium. Variable inflammatory response
28
How can you identify a descemetocele?
Acute or chronic with complete stromal loss. Walls or ulcer/crater. Wall strain positive but the Descemet's membrane does not strain.
29
How do melting corneal ulcers present?
Acute and painful. Lots of gelatinous 'gloopy' discharge. Ill defined, rounded, soft edges. Marked corneal oedema and anterior uveitis.
30
How do you treat superficial ulcers?
Prevent secondary infections, systemic NSAIDs, single drop atropine, recheck in 3-5 days
31
What does a head tilt indicate?
Peripheral or central vestibular syndrome
32
What are the clinical signs of idiopathic vestibular disease?
Sudden onset, head tilt, stumbling, circling, nystagmus, nausea Sometimes accompanied by Horner's syndrome
33
What is the prognosis for idiopathic vestibular disease?
Good to excellent
34
What are the clinical signs of otitis interna?
Head tilt, spontaneous horizontal or rotary nystagmus, circling
35
What are the most common bacteria involved in otitis interna?
Pseudomonas spp and staphylococcus spp
36
What radiographic views can be used to view the tympanic bullae and to check for fluid?
Oblique skyline and lateral oblique
37
What drugs are of highest concern for ototoxicity?
Aminoglycosides, cisplatin, metronidazole
38
Where do inflammatory polyps typically develop in the feline ear?
Middle ear and Eustachian tubes
39
What are the clinical signs of inflammatory polyps in the middle ear?
Abnormal balance, changes in pupil sizes, head tilt, nystagmus
40
What are the clinical signs of trigeminal neuritis?
Inability to close jaw, difficulty taking food into mouth, may have difficulty swallowing Can be accompanied by Horner's syndrome and/or sensory disturbances
41
What are the clinical signa of trigeminal nerve sheath tumours?
Facial asymmetry, reduced facial sensation, absent palpebral reflex with normal menace response. Reduced unilateral corneal sensation and enophthalmos. Horner's syndrome
42
What is the definition of globe prolapse?
Globe is acutely displaced forwards beyond the plane of the eyelids
43
What is exophthalmos?
A degree of forward displacement of the globe with the eyelids remaining in the normal anatomical position
44
What is the pathophysiology of a globe prolapse?
Immediate oedema exacerbated by the eyelid spasm. Traction of the optic nerve likely resulting in permanent blindness. Desiccation of the ocular surface and rupture of extraocular muscles
45
What is a retrobulbar abscess?
Abscess or cellulitis behind the globe
46
What are the clinical signs of a retrobulbar abscess?
Acute onset, unilateral, exophthalmos, pain, third eyelid protrusion, discharge, pyrexia, lethargy
47
What are the clinical signs of acute glaucoma?
Ocular pain, head shy, yelping, dull/quiet, vision loss, change in appearance Corneal oedema, episcleral vessel congestion, fixed and dilated pupil
48
What is the common presentation of anterior lens luxation?
Acutely painful eye, glaucoma, focal corneal oedema, lens outline may be visible in anterior chamber
49
What are classed as corneal emergencies?
Chemical injury, foreign bodies, melting ulcers, severe lacerations
50
What are the differential diagnoses for sudden onset blindness?
Acute glaucoma, acute uveitis, intraocular haemorrhage, retinal detachment, optic neuritis, SARD, toxicity, intracranial lesion
51
What does IVDD stand for?
Intervertebral disc disease
52
What are the two types of IVDD?
Extrusion and protrusion
53
What is extrusion IVDD?
When the disc erupts and disc material escapes and compresses the spinal cord.
54
What is protrusion IVDD?
Disc gets compressed and changes shape, compressing the spinal cord
55
What breed is predisposed to IVDD?
Dachshunds
56
What is a fibrocartilaginous embolism?
Microscopic blood clot in the spinal column
57
What are the clinical signs of fibrocartilaginous embolsim?
Acute onset, not painful, unilateral or bilateral paralysis
58
When is neospora infection transmitted to puppies?
In utero
59
When does a neospora infection normally start showing signs?
From 4 weeks
60
What are the clinical signs of a neospora infection?
Hindlimb extensor rigidity, inability to walk, difficult to demonstrate reflexes, resents limb flexion
61
What does the dry form of feline infectious peritonitis form?
Granulomas
62
What are the clinical signs of dry feline infectious peritonitis in relation to granuloma formation in the spinal cord?
Paraparesis with increased tone, discomfort on spinal palpation, reflexes and pain sensation, absent tail movement
63
What is the presentation of atlantoaxial subluxation?
Cervical pain with non-ambulatory tetraparesis
64
What is the breed pre-disposition for atlantoaxial subluxation?
Toy breeds - chihuahuas and Yorkshire terriers
65
What are the clinical signs of bacterial meningitis?
Neck or back pain. Pyrexia.
66
What is the breed pre-disposition of bacterial meningitis?
GSD - Rickettsia spp American cocker spaniel - cryptococcosis meningitis
67
What is discospondylitis?
Abscess/infection of an intervertebral disc
68
How can you confirm diagnosis of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?
Give an immunosuppressive course of prednisolone after a CSF spinal tap showing high levels of neutrophils.
69
What are the clinical signs of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis?
Pyrexia, pain, rigidity of the neck, lethargic, Inappetant
70
What does MUO stand for?
Meningitis of unknown origin
71
What are the clinical signs of localised tetanus?
Muscle rigidity in the limb or muscles closest to the wound. Can have muscel tremors.
72
What are the clinical signs of generalised tetanus?
Stiff gait with the tail held up or extended out behind them. Form a sawhorse stance with all limbs in rigid extension. Facial muscles affected
73
How soon after tetanus infection do symptoms develop?
5 to 10 days after initial wound. Can be 3 days to 3 weeks.
74
What is the treatment for tetanus infection?
Tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics (penicillin, metronidazole), IVFT, feeding tube, kept in a dark quiet area
75
When does botulism usually occur?
After eating dead animals or raw contaminated meat
76
How does botulism present?
Initial weakness in the rear legs. Progresses to front legs and facial muscles within 24 hours.
77
What is the treatment for botulism?
Botulism antitoxin, supportive care, bladder expression, antibiotics for secondary infection
78
What is syringomyelia?
CSD in the spinal cord due to expansion of the central canal
79
What is the breed predisposition of syringomyelia?
Cavalier king Charles spaniel
80
What is the definition of spastic?
Abnormal increased muscle tone or stiffness of muscles
81
What is the definition of ataxia?
Uncoordinated movement, can't position legs underneath body
82
What is the definition of weakness?
Not strong enough to pull legs underneath the body and push to stand up

Small (Chloe) (11 decks)

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