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Respiratory Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is the first step when encountering a patient in respiratory distress?

A

Localise the area of distress e.g. upper or lower airway

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2
Q

What are some causes of acute coughing?

A

Tracheobronchitis (Kennel cough)
Irritation by smoke-dust/chemicals/medicines
Airway FB
Pulmonary haemorrhage
Acute pneumonia e.g inhalation
Acute oedema
Airway trauma

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3
Q

What is canine chronic bronchitis?

A

Daily coughing for over 2 months characterised by WBC infiltration of mucosa and thickening of smooth muscle

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4
Q

What are some common complications of chronic canine bronchitis?

A

Airway dilation and airway collapse due to wall weakness (bronchomalacia)

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5
Q

How do you manage chronic canine bronchitis?

A

Weight control, harness and avoid irritants
Maintain hydration status and steam the bathroom
Drug therapy: Glucocorticoids, bronchodilators accompanied by coupage.

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6
Q

What are the pros of inhaled medications?

A

Reduced systemic exposure of glucocorticoids
Dose required is lower
Reduces systemic side effects
Effective in acute situations

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7
Q

What are the cons of inhaled medications?

A

Time consuming
Expensive
Owner compliance
Patient compliance

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8
Q

What hypersensitivity reaction is feline bronchial disease (feline asthma)?

A

Type 1

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9
Q

What are the common pathogens involved in bacterial bronchopneumonia?

A

E.coli
Klebsiella
Pasteurella
Staphs
Streps
Mycoplasma
B bronchoseptica

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10
Q

What is the most common type of primary neoplasia found in the lungs?

A

Carcinomas

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11
Q

What is the pre-patent period of O.osleri?

A

10-18 weeks

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12
Q

What age of cat does lower airway disease normally affect?

A

Young adults to middle aged

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of low grade, chronic lower airway disease in cats?

A

Coughing
Audible wheezing
Exercise intolerance

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14
Q

What are potential trigger factors of lower airway disease in cats?

A

Change in environment
New cat litter
Passive smoking
Seasonal

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15
Q

What are clinical signs of laryngeal disease in cats?

A

Laboured inspiration, stridor, increased effort, slow inspiratory phase +/- change in purr and vocalisation.

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16
Q

What is aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

Feline lungworm

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17
Q

How do you treat feline lungworm?

A

Fenbendazole

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

Fever, cough, tachypnoea, lethargy

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19
Q

How do you diagnose mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

PCR on tracheal wash

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20
Q

How do you treat mycoplasma pneumonia in the cat?

A

Doxycycline

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21
Q

What are the early cutaneous signs of mycobacterial pneumonia in the cat?

A

After an infected vole/rodent bite or non-healing sores/nodules +/- large LNs.

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22
Q

What are the early GI signs of mycobacterial pneumonia in the cat?

A

After ingestion of contaminated product. V+, D+, weight loss, poor appetite, inflammatory granulomas

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23
Q

How do you diagnose mycobacterial pneumonia in cats?

A

Histopathology and PCR. Seek advice for zoonotic risk.

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24
Q

What is pleural space disease?

A

Loss of thoracic capacity +/- cyanosis. Accumulation of fluid, air or soft tissue mass.

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25
What are causes of pleural space disease?
Pleural effusion Pneumothorax Neoplasia Ruptured diaphragm Gross cardiomegaly Abdominal abnormality
26
What are the general clinical signs of pleural space disease?
Short, shallow breaths Tachypnoea Open mouth breathing Dyspnoea, distress Orthopnoea Cyanosis
27
What is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity called?
Pleural effusion
28
What causes transudate accumulation in the pleural space?
Hypoalbuminemia
29
What causes an accumulation of modified transudate in the pleural space?
RCHF Diaphragmatic hernia Lung lobe torsion Neoplasia
30
Causes of non-septic effusion
FIP Neoplasia Chronic chylothorax Chronic lung lobe torsion Fungal infection
31
Causes of septic effusion (pyothorax)
Penetrating chest wound Foreign body inhalation Ruptured oesophagus/abscess Haematogenous bacterial spread
32
Causes of chylothorax
Disruption to thoracic duct including lymphangiectasia Cranial vena cava obstruction Neoplasia Heart disease Fungal infection Hernia Torsion or trauma
33
Causes of haemothorax
Trauma Coagulopathy Neoplasia Lung lobe torsion
34
What is a pneumothorax?
An accumulation of air in the pleural space
35
What does a pneumothorax cause?
Restrictive breathing, dull lung sounds dorsally with increased sounds ventrally. Increased drum like resonance on percussion. Results in lung collapse.
36
What is a tension pneumothorax?
The lesion acts as a one way valve, constantly increasing pressure around the lungs.
37
What is the most common cause of a spontaneous pneumothorax?
Ruptured pulmonary bulla or a sub-pleural bleb
38
What is aspiration pneumonia?
The inhalation of material into the lower airway.
39
What are the clinical signs with aspiration pneumonia?
Coughing, harsh/reduced sounds, tachypnoea, pyrexia
40
What conditions result in pulmonary oedema?
Increased hydrostatic pressure Reduced oncotic pressure Increased vascular permeability Impaired lymphatic drainage
41
What is the main cause of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema?
Pulmonary epithelial injury (head injury, electric shock, chocking, SIRS, smoke inhalation, near drowning)
42
What is angiostrongylus vasorum?
Canine heartworm
43
What are the clinical signs of heartworm?
Breathlessness, bleeding, neurological, productive cough, pulmonary hypertension, coagulopathies
44
What is the breed pre-disposition of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Middle aged to older WHWT and other terries
45
What is the typical history for interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Insidious onset, chronic breathlessness, coughing, exercise intolerance, cyanosis, syncope
46
What presents on clinical exam with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Crackles throughout lung fields Prolonged expiratory phase with expiratory effort
47
What causes stertor?
Soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules, with BOAS
48
What is the stertor noise?
Like snoring, low pitched soft tissue vibration
49
What can cause stridor?
Tracheal or laryngeal pathology. Laryngeal paralysis, tracheal collapse
50
What type of noise is stridor?
High pitched wheezing, vibration of rigid tissues.
51
What systemic signs can present with upper respiratory disease?
Pyrexia, depression, lethargy, inappetence
52
What are the clinical signs of kennel cough?
Hacking cough, submandibular lymphadenopathy, ocular/nasal discharge, lethargy, pyrexia
53
What are common secondary infections of kennel cough?
Canine parainfluenza virus Canine adenovirus-2 Coronavirus Bordetella bronchiseptica
54
What are the options for kennel cough diagnosis?
Paired serology Nasal/oropharyngeal swab for PCR Conjunctival swab for distemper (IFA)
55
What symptomatic treatment can be used for kennel cough?
Avoid pulling on collar Clean eyes and nose NSAIDS Butorphanol, codeine Glycerine
56
What antibiotics can be used to treat Bordetella?
Gram negative cover - tetracyclines, potentiated sulphonamides and amoxycillin
57
What are some methods to try and prevent pneumonia?
Environmental hygiene Dog-to-dog contact Fomite transmission Ventilation Vaccination
58
What vaccinations can help reduce the risk of pneumonia in dogs?
Parainfluenza Distemper
59
What pathogens can cause cat flu?
Feline herpesvirus Feline calicivirus Chlamydia felis Bordetella bronchiseptica Mycoplasma felis
60
Clinical signs of feline herpesvirus
Flu signs Damage to nasal bones (chronic snufflers) Ocular ulcers Herpetic dermatitis
61
Clinical signs of feline calicivirus
Tongue ulcers Floppy kittens (synovitis)
62
What are the clinical signs of aspergillosis?
Nasal discharge Ulceration or depigmentation of nasal planum Pain on palpation Sneezing Facial deformity/neuro signs
63
What is the treatment for aspegillosis?
Oral antifungal agents Topical therapy

Small (Chloe) (11 decks)

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