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Y1 NMSK > neuromuscular pharmacology > Flashcards

neuromuscular pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is pharmacology

A

how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function

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2
Q

what is pharmacodynamics

A

what the drug does to the body
- what does it target
- what is the response

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3
Q

what is parmacokinetics

A

what the body does to the drug
- movement of the drug within the body
- where does the drug go
- therapeutic plasma concentration (concentration in blood effective but not toxic)

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4
Q

what is pharmacy

A

storing, prescribing and dispensing drugs

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5
Q

what are the different considerations when selecting, prescribing, and dispensing different drugs

A
  • correct indication with no contraindications
  • efficacy
  • route of administration
  • legalisation
  • pathophysiological status of the animal (young, old, pregnant, other disorders)
  • short (acute) vs. long term (chronic) therapy
  • cost
  • owner education
  • farm animal (meat/milk withdrawal, individual vs. group therapy)
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6
Q

what is efficacy

A

the effectiveness of the drug to treat the condition
- evidence based
- underlying science is important
- NOT the same as potency (how strong the drug is)

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7
Q

what is the regulatory body for veterinary medicines

A

Veterinary Medicines Directorate

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8
Q

what is absorption and reuptale of drugs influenced by

A
  • route of administration
  • physiochemical properties of the drug
  • status of gastro-intestinal tract (acidity of stomach, motility)
  • taken with food
  • formulation (fast acting vs. slow release
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9
Q

how are drugs distributed

A
  • transported in the plasma
  • most drugs temporarily bind to a plasma protein
  • will unbind (become active) and leave the blood to target different body fluids
  • different drugs will distribute to a lesser or greater extent
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10
Q

what are the 4 main targets that the drug interacts with to exert its effects within the body

A
  • receptors
  • ion channels
  • enzymes
  • carrier
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11
Q

what is an agonist

A

drugs that bind receptor and activate them (sgtimulate a particular function)

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12
Q

what is an antagonist

A

drugs that bond receptors but do not activate them (block the effects of agonsists)

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13
Q

what is an example of a drug that acts on an ion channel

A

lidocaine
- blocks sodium channels to prevent depolarisation and firing of the nerve synapse

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14
Q

how do drugs interact with enzymes

A

typically, a drug is an enzyme inhibitor and thus decrease their activity
- penicillin blocks cell wall synthesis in E. Coli

most drugs target enzymes

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15
Q

how are drugs eliminated by metabolism

A
  • can be metabolised by liver and inactivated
  • drug metabolite (metabolised product) often excreted by the kidney
  • the goal of metabolism is to make the drug more easily soluble by water (make it more polar and hydrophilic) so that it can be excreted by the kidney
  • some drugs are directly excreted by through the urine by the kidney (often polar)
  • renal diseases can impact the ability to excrete drugs properly, leading to a build up in the body
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16
Q

what are the events, in chronological order, that a drug will take through the body

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism
  4. excretion
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17
Q

what are the unwanted side effects of a drug

A
  • adverse events (predicted vs idiopathic (not predicted))
  • drug has no effect (not even intended effect)
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18
Q

true or false: a free, unbound drug is active

A

True

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19
Q

do most drugs bind temporarily to albumin?

A

yes

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20
Q

rank the following mechanisms from fastest to slowest
- secondary messengers
- nuclear receptors
- ligand gated ion channels

A
  1. ligand gated ion channels
  2. secondary messengers
  3. nuclear receptors
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21
Q

The Veterinary Medicine Directorate (VMD) runs a scheme to monitor unwanted effects of drugs - what ois it called

A

SARSS

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22
Q

The VMD scheme to report adverse medicines includes what groups

Study These Flashcards
A
  • animals
  • humans
23
Q

name the main components of the autonomic nervous system

Study These Flashcards
A
  • the sympathetic system
  • the parasympathetic system
  • the enteric system
24
Q

what is a precursor for acetylcholine

25
what are the 2 receptors that acetylcholine binds to
- muscarinic - nicotinic
26
what effects would IV atropine have on a cat?
- tachycardia (increased HR) - Dries secretions - pupil dilation
27
what is an example of a nicotinic agonist that is used therapeutically
suxamethonium
28
how does botulinum toxin work
binds pre-synaptically to prevent acetylcholine release
29
what is the precursor of noradrenaline
tyrosine
30
which enzymes degrade noradrenaline
- monoamine oxidase - catechol-O-methyltranferase
31
dexmedetomdine is commonly used sedative and alagesic drugs used in dogs and cats. which receptors does it target
presynaptic alpha 2 receptors
32
anitpamezole is an alpha 2 receptor antagonist. what will happen if you give it after an alpha 2 agonist
antagonism of the agonist
33
which types of drugs improve cognitive function in elderly dogs
mono amine oxidase inhibitors
34
what is the effect of activation of an alpha 1 receptor
vasoconstriction
35
what are neurotransmitters and what are the major ones of interest
a chemical substance which is release at the end of a nerve fibre by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusing across the synapse or junction which effects the transfer of the impulse to another fibre - acetylcholine - dopamine - GABA - glutamate - noradrenaline - histamine - etc...
36
what is the stepwise process involved in synthesis, storage and release of amine and amino acid transmitters
1. uptake of precursors 2. synthesis of transmitter 3. uptake/transport of transmitter into vesicles 4. degradation of surplus transmitter 5. depolarisation by propagated action potential 6. influx of calcium ions in response to depolarisation 7. release of transmitter by exocytosis 8. diffusion to postsynaptic membrane 9. interaction with postsynpatic receptors 10. inactivation of transmitter 11. reuptake of transmitter or degradation products by nerve terminals 12. uptake and release of transmitter by non-neuronal cells 13. interaction with presynaptic receptors
37
what type of transmitters fo cholinergic nerves have
acetylcholine transmitters
38
what are the 2 receptors that noradrenaline bind to
1. alpha 2. beta
39
give an example of a muscarinic agonist and what is it used for
pilocarpine: used in neurogenic "dry eye" to stimulate tear production
40
give an example of a muscarinic antagonist and what is it used for
atropine: used to speed up heart rate and dry secretions (when there is too much) or scopolamine: used for abdominal pain
41
give an example of a nicotinic agonist and what is it used for
suxamethonium: overstimulates neuromuscular junction to stop muscles from spasm
42
give an example of a nicotinic antagonist and what is it used for
alpha bungarotoxin/vecronium: neuromuscular blocking agent
43
what drugs inhibit acetylcholineesterase
carbamate insecticides, organophosphates, neostigmine
44
what is the pathway of noradrenaline
1. produced from tyrosine (tryosine enters cell, tyrosine hydroxylase turns it into dihydroxyphenylalanine, which turns into dopamine via decaboxylation, dopamine beta hydroxylase turns dopamine into noradrenaline) 2. action potential causes vesicle to bind to membrane and release noradrenaline into synaptic cleft 3. noradrenaline binds to either pre or post synaptic adrenoreceptors OR action is terminated by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and reuptake
45
give an example of an alpha 1 agonist and what is it used for
adrenaline: for cardiac arrest
46
give an example of an alpha 2 agonist and what is it used for
medetomidine/romifidine/xylazine for sedation/analgesia
47
give an example of a beta 1 agonist and what is it used for
Dobutamine: increasing blood pressure
48
give an exmaple of a beta 2 agonist and what is it used for
salbutamol: for asthma (causes bronchodilation)
49
give an example of an alpha 2 antagonist and what is it used for
antipamezole: reversal of sedation/analgesia
50
give an example of a beta antagonsit (beta blocker) and what is it used for
propranolol: slows down HR
51
in terms of noradrenaline receptors, what do each of them act on generakly
alpha 1 receptor: blood vessels (vasoconstriction) alpha 2 receptor: blood vessels, nerve terminals (autoreceptors) - inhibition of transmitter release beta 1 receptor: heart (tachycardia), increased force beta 2 receptors: blood vessels (vasodilation), bronchi (bronchodilator), liver (glycogenolysis)
52
what drugs influence MOA inhibitors and increase noradrenaline availibility
MOA-A inhibitors not used in animals MOA-B inhiibitors: treat canine cognitive dysfunction by increasing dopamine
53
what drugs affect the synthesis or stimulating synthesis of noradrenaline and what are they used for
carbidopa/levodopa used for Parkinsons disease
54
what drugs affect re-uptake and what do they get used for
- tricyclic antidepressants used as analgesics for chronic pain - fluoxetine, clomipramine for behavioural issues

Y1 NMSK (50 decks)

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