Neuropathology

Question 0

in what disease might you see inclusions in very large purkinje cells?

Answer 0

Rabies

Question 1

Betz cells are in what cortex layer?

Answer 1

V (5)

Question 2

spidery cells on a silver stain show what?

Answer 2

astrocytic activation: nonspecific GLIOSIS

Question 3

Red neurons are indicative of what?

Answer 3

red dead cells: acute hypoxia

Question 4

microglial nodules are indicative of what?

Answer 4

infections, mostly viral

Question 5

carrot like red rods are what in path and what are they indicative of?

Answer 5

Rosenthal fibers: nonspecific slow process, also in Alexander’s disease from GFAP mutation

Question 6

lots of blue on a slide is bad unless what?

Answer 6

unless in a cerebellar granular layer: otherwise its indicative of lots of inflammatory cells

Question 7

WHat is laminar necrosis

Answer 7

dark line you see on cortex w/ early hypoxic changes

Question 8

What might you see with elastic stain slides?

Answer 8

blood vessel disrupted like in hemorrhage

Question 9

brown speckles everywhere on gross specimen sugests what?

Answer 9

diffuse brain injury

Question 10

what might you see with silver stained axons

Answer 10

axonal accumulation as with DAI in trauma

Question 11

microglial nodules suggest what on brain biopsy?

Answer 11

viral infection

Question 12

punched out lesions in white matter suggest what?

Answer 12

demyelination

Question 13

negri bodies in purkinje cells suggest what?

Answer 13

rabies

Question 14

Ddx of ring enhancing lesion (3)

Answer 14

toxo
bad tumor
lymphoma

Question 15

A big pink ball with dark dots suggests what?

Answer 15

toxoplasmosis (Bradyzoite)

Question 16

Silver stain with round or cupped shaped cells?

Answer 16

cryptococcus

Question 17

what do macrophages look like and when might you see them?

Answer 17

big pink fluffy cytoplasm and displaced nucleus

in MS

Question 18

Funny lobulated cells around vessels, think of what?

Answer 18

Gauchet

Question 19

whorls / psammomatous calcifications?

Answer 19

meningioma (whorls - meningioma)

Question 20

cyst with enhancing mural nodule suggests what? (name 3)

Answer 20

low grade glioma/tumor: 1. pilocytic, 2. hemangiopericytoma, 3. glioma

Question 21

what does pseudopallisading suggest?

Answer 21

necrosis: think GBM vs radiation (geographic)

Question 22

Fried egg appearance *yolk blue

Answer 22

oligodendroglioma

Question 23

rosettes (2)

Answer 23

medulloblastoma and ependymoma

Question 24

lesion with dense and loose areas on side of nerve?

Answer 24

Schwannoma with dense/verocay bodies

Question 25

Signs of neurogenic process on muscle biopsy (3)

Answer 25

1. fiber type grouping 2. target fibers 3. small angulated muscle fibers

Question 26

two hallmarks of muscular dystrophy on path

Answer 26

1, endomysial fibrosis | 2. split fibers

Question 27

nemaline rod what color

Answer 27

dark blue

Question 28

perifascicular atrophy seen in what?

Answer 28

dermatomyositis

Question 29

in peripheral nerves what does onion bulbs show?

Answer 29

demyelination with repeated bouts of degen / regen of myelin

Question 30

balloon neurons found in what two diseases and what do they look like?

Answer 30

1. they are swollen with the cytoplasm is eosinophilic, nucleus off to side (nucleus Pick's one side) 2. found in Picks and corticobasal degeneration

Question 32

3 types of neurons particularly vulnerable to hypoxia (RED neurons)

Answer 32

Pyramidal hippocampal, pyramidal cortex 3 and 5 layers, purkinje cerebellum (3 PS)

Question 33

Two types of inclusions found in astrocytes (the rest are in the neurons)

Answer 33

. Lafora bodies: in cytoplasm of both astrocytes and neurons | Rosenthal fibers: in cytoplasm of astrocytes

Question 34

What are the nuclear inclusions in neurons? (most are cytoplasm, these are the exception and what do they look like / signify)

Answer 34

Cowdry A and B : - A have halo and are in CMV, VZV, HSV (Angelic, alone) - B are (small and many like BBs) and in from polio acute! Marinesco bodies: red like cherries *type of Cowdry B. in aging

Question 35

Bunina bodies are what and found in what disease?

Answer 35

ALS: need to sit on buns | -eosinophilic cytoplasmic neuronal inclusion

Question 36

flame like glial cytoplasmic inclusions; silver stain positive and in oligodendrocytes - made of what and in what disease?

Answer 36

alpha synuclein in MSA (multiple system atrophy)

Question 37

LAfora bodies seen in what? what are they?

Answer 37

PAS+ introcytoplasmic inclusions in astrocytes/neurons | -progressive myoclonic epilepsy and also in lafora body disease

Question 38

What are pick bodies?

Answer 38

spherical, introcytoplasmic, basophilic, tau positive, seen with silver staining

Question 39

GFAP marker stains what

Answer 39

astrocytes

Question 40

congo red stains what

Answer 40

amyloid

Question 41

desmin stains what

Answer 41

muscle

Question 42

EMA epihtelial membrane antigen stains what

Answer 42

arachnoid

Question 43

PAS periodic acid schiff stains what

Answer 43

carbs

Question 44

S100 stains what

Answer 44

glia and schwann cells

Question 45

transthyretin stains what

Answer 45

choroid plexus

Question 46

vimentin stains what

Answer 46

ependymal cells, intermediate filaments

Question 47

PML / AIDS pathology

Answer 47

AIDS: Astrocytes bizarre (enlarged with hyperchromatic pleomorphic nuclei Inclusions in oligodendrocytes Demyelination from occipital region Subcortical white matter