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Theme 1 - 202 > Neuropathology > Flashcards

Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does CSF get produced?

A

Choroid plexus which is in the lateral ventricles

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2
Q

At what rate is CSF produced?

A

450ml / 24hours

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3
Q

What volume of CSF is in the brain?

A

150ml

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4
Q

Where does CSF get resorbed?

A

In the subarachnoid space by arachnoid granulations

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5
Q

What are the roles of CSF?

A
  • Metabolism of CNS
  • Cushioning the CNS
  • Immune regulation and defence
  • Cerebral auto regulation of blood flow
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6
Q

What is a hydrocephalus, and can it lead to?

A

When the flow of CSF is obstructed due to impaired resorption at the arachnoid granulations.

This can then lead to the shrinking of the brain (e.g. dementia).

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7
Q

What is raised intracranial pressure?

A

When the mean CSF pressure is 200mm H2O

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8
Q

Causes of raised intracranial pressure?

A
  • Hydrocephalus (increased volume of CSF).
  • Cerebral oedema
  • Lesions in the intracranial space (e.g. neoplasm, haemorrhage and abscess)
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9
Q

What can a tonsillar (or cerebellar) herniation lead to?

A

It can lead to the compression of the medulla oblongata. This would then lead to the impairment of vital respiratory and cardiac functions.

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10
Q

What is the difference between coup and contrecoup?

A
  • Coup: When the side of the brain injured is the same as the side of impact.
  • Contrecoup: When the side of the brain injured is opposite to the side of impact.
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11
Q

What are the two types of cerebral oedema?

A
  • Vasogenic: When there is an increased vascular permeability (due to the blood-brain barrier being disrupted).
  • Cytotoxic: Due to neuronal, glial or endothelial cell damage.
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12
Q

What can head trauma lead to?

A
  • Skull fracture
  • Parenchymal injury
  • Coup and Contrecoup
  • Vascular injury
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13
Q

What are the different types of parenchymal injury?

A
  • Contusion (bruising)
  • Laceration (penetration / tearing)
  • Diffuse axonal injury (multiple brain lesions)
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14
Q

What percentage of neoplasms are primary and metastatic?

A
  • 75% are primary

- 25% are metastatic

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15
Q

Give three examples of neoplasms.

A
  • Gliomas
  • Neural tumours
  • Meningiomas
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16
Q

What are spinocerebellar degenerative diseases?

A

A type of disease that is caused by the accumulation or protein aggregates.

This then leads to the subsequent loss of CNS function.

17
Q

What can spinocerebellar degenerative diseases lead to?

A
  • Dementia
  • Paralysis
  • Behavioural and Personality changes
  • Language disturbance
18
Q

What are the two causes of stroke?

A
  • Hypoxia

- Ischaemia

19
Q

What can a stroke also be referred to as?

A

Cerebral infarct

20
Q

What happens after there is irreversible hypoxic or ischaemic insult to the brain?

A
  • Shrinkage of cell bodies
  • Loss of nucleoli
  • Increase in eosinophils (eosinophilia)
  • Pyknosis of nuclei (irreversible condensation of chromatin)
21
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhages are caused by damage to what, and what is the most common cause of this?

A

Circle of Willis

Majority are due to a berry aneurysm, which are most commonly occurring on the anterior cerebral and communicating arteries - as well as the junction of the ICA and posterior communicating artery.

22
Q

What are the two types of hydrocephalus, and what is the difference?

A

Communicating and non-communicating

Communicating is due to impaired absorption without any CSF obstruction (e.g. impaired arachnoid granulations)

Non-communicating is due to the obstruction of the flow of CSF (e.g. due to a lesion or obstructed foramen)

23
Q

In what instances would a hydrocephalus lead to an enlarged head?

A

If it occurs before the fusions of the sutures in the skull

24
Q

Where does CSF drain into once it is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations?

A

Superior saggittal sinus

25
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

An abnormal collection of blood due to a ruptured blood vessel

26
Q

What is the difference between a subdural and extradural haematoma?

A

Subdural is the collection of venous blood between the dura mater and the brain due to damage of bridging veins. The dura mater stays attached to the brain.

Extradural is the collection of arterial blood between the dura mater and the skull, peeling the dura mater off from the brain. Commonly caused by damage to the middle meningeal artery

27
Q

What is an example of a demyelinating disease?

A

Multiple sclerosis

28
Q

What are the three different origins of meningitis?

A

Bacterial, fungal and viral

29
Q

What is encephalitis, and what is it commonly caused by?

A

Inflammation of brain tissue

Commonly caused by viral infection

Theme 1 - 202 (16 decks)

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