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Theme 1 - 202 > Topography of the Brain > Flashcards

Topography of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What sends inductive signals to neuroectodermal cells to cause them to thicken?

A

The notochord

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2
Q

What do neuroectodermal cells thicken into?

A

Neural plate

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3
Q

What can neural crest cells differentiate into?

A
  • Neurons and glia of the sensory and autonomic nervous system
  • Cells of the adrenal gland
  • Epidermis
  • Skeletal / Connective tissue of the head
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4
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure of the posterior end of the neural tube to close, leading to an open cerebral canal.

It is not fatal.

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5
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

A fatal condition which is caused by the failure of the anterior neural tube to close.

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6
Q

What proportion of pregnancies are affected by anencephaly?

A

1 in 1000

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7
Q

What proportion of pregnancies are affected by spina bifida?

A

1-2 in 1000

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8
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles?

A
  • Prosencephalon = Forebrain
  • Mesencephalon = Midbrain
  • Rhombencephalon = Hindbrain
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9
Q

What do secondary vesicles arise from?

A

Primary vesicles

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10
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the prosencephalon?

A
  • Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
  • Optic Vesicles (eyes)
  • Diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus)
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11
Q

What are the secondary vesicles of the hindbrain?

A
  • Metencephalon (pons + cerebellum)

- Myelencephalon (medulla)

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12
Q

What type of matter makes up the inner and outer brain?

A
  • Outer brain consists of gray matter

- Inner brain consists of white matter

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13
Q

What can the cerebral hemispheres be divided into?

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Temporal lobe
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14
Q

What does the folding of the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres form?

A

Gyri and sulci

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15
Q

What does the central sulcus divide?

A

Parietal and Frontal lobe

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16
Q

What does the lateral sulcus divide?

A

Parietal and Temporal lobe

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17
Q

Where are the precentral and postcentral gyri located with respect to the central sulcus?

A
  • Precentral = Anterior

- Postcentral = Posterior

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18
Q

Are the precentral and postcentral gyri sensory or motor?

A
  • Precentral = Motor

- Postcentral = Sensory

19
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A white matter tract that links the two cerebral hemispheres

20
Q

What is the limbic system involved with?

A

Emotion and Memory

21
Q

What are the basal ganglia involved with?

A

Control of of posture and voluntary movement

22
Q

What are the main components of the limbic system?

A
  • Cingulate cortex
  • Fornix
  • Hypothalamus
  • Mammillary bodies
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
23
Q

What is the fornix?

A

A semi-circular white matter tract that connect the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies.

24
Q

How is the hippocampus shaped and where does it sit?

A

Seahorse shaped

Sits in the floor of the lateral ventricles

25
Q

Where are the basal ganglia located?

A

Forebrain

26
Q

What is the corpus striatum made up of?

A

Caudate nucleus and Lentiform nucleus

27
Q

How is the caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus shaped?

A

Caudate = C-shaped

Lentiform = Lens shaped

28
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus made up of?

A
  • Putamen

- Globus Pallidus

29
Q

What are the different parts of the caudate nucleus?

A
  • Head
  • Body
  • Tail
30
Q

How is the lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus located with respect to each other?

A

The lentiform nucleus is lateral to the caudate nucleus

31
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

A white matter tract that connects the cortex to the brainstem.

It is internal to the lentiform nucleus

32
Q

What is the thalamus and what is it involved with?

A

A paired structure that relays sensory information to the cortex.

It is involved with voluntary movement, personality and consciousness.

33
Q

Where in the brain is the hypothalamus located?

A

Inferior to the thalamus and in between the optic chasm and mammillary bodies.

34
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Coordinates the autonomic system and endocrine responses
  • Involved in thermoregulation, feeding and drinking
  • Receives inputs from the limbic system
35
Q

What are the contents of the brainstem?

A
  • Cranial nerve nuclei
  • Vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
  • Vomiting centre
  • Nuclei involved with motor control and sleep
  • White matter tracts
36
Q

What are the contents of the midbrain?

A
  • Cerebral peduncles
  • Superior colliculus
  • Inferior colliculus
37
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A

Acts as the feet of the brain and has white matter tracts that connect the pons to the diencephalon

38
Q

What does the superior colliculus allow for?

A

Eye movements

39
Q

What is the inferior colliculus?

A

Contains relay nuclei which are involved in auditory function

40
Q

What are the contents of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • Pyramid which contains the corticospinal tract (main voluntary motor pathway)
  • Olive (olivary nuclei) which relays motor information to the cerebellum
  • Cuneate and Gracile nuclei (nuclei in ascending tract)
41
Q

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior
  • Flocculonodular
  • Posterior
42
Q

What connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

43
Q

Where is the vermis located?

A

Inbetween the two hemispheres of the cerebellum

Theme 1 - 202 (16 decks)

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