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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of the neurons response

A

Resting Membrane potential -> Graded potential -> Action Potential -> Information processing

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2
Q

How does the cell membrane separate charges?

A

The inter cellular fluid is negative relative to the extra cellular fluid. The membrane is also polarized.

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3
Q

How is voltage measured in the cell membrane

A

In mVoltz

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4
Q

What are the two key ions in the membrane?

A

Sodium(Na) and Potassium (K)

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5
Q

What charge is protein?

A

Negative charge, but are trapped from moving in or out

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6
Q

What are the two passive forces of the membrane

A

Chemical and electrical gradient

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7
Q

How does the chemical gradient move?

A

It moves from high to low concentrations with K’s being out and Na being in.

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8
Q

How does the electrical gradient move?

A

Cations (+) move towards anions(-) and vice versa.

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9
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient

A

The sum of the chemical and electrical forces for ions crossing the membrane.

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10
Q

What does the electrochemical gradient determine

A

The direction of the ion movement if a channel opens.

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11
Q

If the electrical gradient is in, chemical gradient is out, and the electrochemical gradient is in, which one is the greater force?

A

The one that agrees with the electrochemical gradient.

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12
Q

Is the membrane differentially permeable? If so, what is is more or less permeable to?

A

Yes it is, and it is more permeable to k than Na because it has more weak channels.

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13
Q

How does the membrane perform active transport?

A

Through the Na and K pumps. Uses ATP. Moves out 3 sodium ions and in 2 K ions

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14
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

It is the transmembrane potential at which no net movement of the a particular ion across a membrane.

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15
Q

If the membrane is at equilibrium, what does this indicate about chemical and electrical gradients

A

They are equal and opposite of each other.

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16
Q

What can we use equilibrium potential to predict?

A

The direction that ions will flow if a Channel is opened.

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17
Q

How do we change the membrane potential?

A

By opening and closing channels that are closed at rest.

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18
Q

What are the three types of channels?

A

Ligan-Gated, Voltage-Gated, and Mechanically regulated channels

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19
Q

How do you open a ligand gated channel?

A

A chemical, such as ACh, must bind to the protein, and as long as it is attached, the channel will be open.

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20
Q

How do you open a voltage-gated channel?

A

In response to a change in the membrane potential, the channel will open or close based on the measured voltage.

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21
Q

How is a mechanically regulated channel opened

A

A force distorts the shape of the channel and when said force js removed, the gate closes.

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22
Q

What does graded potential mean?

A

It’s a magnitude proportional to stimulus intensity.

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23
Q

If given a small stimulus…

A

…you get a small change in membrane potential

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24
Q

What type of changes do graded potential produce? Along with that, how for do they travel and is the travel detrimental?

A

Only local changes. The travel is short and yes it is decrement, or decrease in size as spread.

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25
Q

Depolarization vs. Hyper polarization

A

Na channels open, na influx and moves towards 0mv or positive.

K channels open, k efflux, and the membrane potential moves to be more negative.

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26
Q

Does the action potential give a rapid dramatic change?

A

Yes! It leads to a series of action potential (in waves)

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27
Q

What phenomenon is associated with action potentials

A

It is an all or nothing, with a similar magnitude each time.

28
Q

What does an action potential always do?

A

Deploarizes the membrane.

29
Q

Does the action potential affect some or all the membrane.

A

It affects an entire excitable membrane, which called propagated without decrement.

30
Q

What must happen for a action potential to occur.

A

A stimulus large enough to depolariza the axon hillock to -60 mv.

31
Q

What will depolarize the membrane?

A

The graded potential

32
Q

Once the threshold is met, what will happen?

A

The opening of more NA channels, causing the membrane to further depolarize.

33
Q

Is the deploarization of the action potential a cycle?

A

Yes!

34
Q

What are the steps of an action potential occurrence?

A

1.) Rapid reversal of membrane to 50 mv via na channels opening
2.) Membrane potential increases, but never reaches Ena b/c potassium channels begin to open
3.) As more sodium channels close and potassium channels open, membrane potential returns to RMP.

35
Q

What is a refractory period?

A

The time from the beginning of the action potential to return to resting state. The membrane will not respond normally to additional stimulus.

36
Q

What are the two types of refractory periods?

A

Absolute and relative refractory periods

37
Q

What is the different between the 2 refractory periods?

A

Absolute cannot generate reguardless of strength of stimulus while relative can generate an action potential but requires a greater stimulus than normal.

38
Q

Why doesn’t the absolute refractory period allow for A.P. to occur?

A

Sodium channels are open or inactivated. They must reset to be activated again

39
Q

In relative refractory periods, why must the stimulus be greater then the threshold?

A

Not all voltage gated sodium channels have reset and the voltage gated potassium channels are still open.

40
Q

The propagation of action potentials is what?

A

Its the series of action potentials along each axon toward synaptic knob

41
Q

Which is faster, continuous or saltatory conduction?

A

Saltatory because the myelination requires less action potentials to be created to have message travel.

42
Q

What is the speed differences in the two axon types?

A

Unmyelinated =1m/s
Myelinated = 50m/s

43
Q

What are cholinergic synapses?

A

The neuromuscular junctions with skeletal muscle. They are many synapses in the CNS, all the neuron to neuron synapses in the PNS and all neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions in the PSNS.

44
Q

What is the most common and first discovered neurotransmittter?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

45
Q

What is the first thing to happen at a cholinergic sysnapse?

A

The action potential arrives and depolarizes the end knob to a positive value

46
Q

What is the second step of the cholinergic sysnapse

A

Voltage gated calcium channels open due to positives membrane potential, causing calcium to enter the synaptic knob.

47
Q

What the 3rd step of the cholinergic sysnapse

A

Calcium triggers the release of ACh, which migrates to the cell membrane, fuses with it, and then open whatever was gated.

48
Q

IS there a delay in the neurotransmitter release?

A

yes, about .2 to .5 milliseconds

49
Q

What is the 4th step of the cholinergic synapse?

A

ACh binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which causes the depoltization of the post synaptic membrane.

50
Q

Why is the post synaptic membrane depolarized?

A

The ACh is a ligand, which binds to the sodium channels, causing the release of sodium and depolarizing the membrane

51
Q

What is the final step of the Cholinergic sysnapse?

A

Acetylcholine Esterase(enzyme) breaks ACh into acetate and choline. If it brakes it all up, it cannot bind to the receptor, which stops the process.

52
Q

How doe neurotransmitters effect the ligand-gated channels

A

They bind to the channels, which open them, which allows sodium to enter, which depolarizes.

53
Q

What is a g-protein?

A

IT is a nereneprehine receptor.

54
Q

How are g-proteins activated?

A

The receptor binding of ligand activates the g-protein

55
Q

What do the g+ and g- proteins respectively relases?

A

GDP and GTP respectively.

56
Q

What does the g-protein do once it’s activated?

A

Binds the enzyme that accumulates the 2nd messenger.

57
Q

What is the cycle of the G-protein?

A

Receptor is bound by neurotransmitter, which then activates the g-protein, which makes it releases gtp. This allow it to attach an enzyme, which when paired with ATP, can accumulate the 2nd messenger, opening sodium channels.

58
Q

Can the postsynaptic cell receive more then 1 stimulus?

A

Yep

59
Q

What are the two types of post synaptic potentials?

A

Excitatory and inhibitory

60
Q

What does an excitatory potential do?

A

changes cause’s depolarization of the recipiant cell.

61
Q

What does the inhibitory potential do?

A

Creates a hyperpolarization of the recipiant cell. More negitive = less likely to generate AP

62
Q

What is summation?

A

The summed influence of multiple input. Determines if an AP actually occurring in the post synaptic cell.

63
Q

What are the two types of summation?

A

Spatial and temporal summation

64
Q

What is spatial summation

A

Simulation stimulation from 2 or more synapses.

65
Q

What i temporal summation

A

2 or more stimuli in rapid succession at a single synapse.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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