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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of bones?

A

Support and shape, Movement, Protection, Storage of Minerals, Storage of Lipids, Blood cell production

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2
Q

In the storage of minerals, what are the minerals?

A

Calcium and Phosphate.

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3
Q

What does Calcium do?

A

It helped with nervous and muscular system function

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4
Q

What does Phosphate do?

A

Hardens bone, along with energy processing, its a component of nucleic acid, and modulates protein activity.

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5
Q

What are the parts of the skeletal system?

A

Bone, Cartilage, and Tendons/Ligaments

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

Hyalin, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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7
Q

What is the difference between the 3?

A

Elastic has the least collagen and more elastin, fibro has the most cartilage and is the strongest, which help it resist compression, and Hyaline is the median, but the most commonly found.

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8
Q

What are tendons made of?

A

They are cords of dense, regular Connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the function of tendons

A

Tendons: Connects muscles to bone to provide movement and stability

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10
Q

What is the function of ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone for stability

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11
Q

What are some examples of ligaments?

A

The MCL, ACL, PCL, and LCL of the knee

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12
Q

How is the skeleton broken up?

A

Into the Axial and Appendicular Skeleton, which are the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage vs. the pectoral girdle and arms, and the pelvic girdle and legs.

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13
Q

What are the 6 categories of bones?

A

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid, and Wormian bones

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14
Q

What classifies a long bone?

A

Longer then they are wide, slender, and muscles are connected.

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15
Q

What classifies a short bone?

A

Roughly the same width and lenght

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16
Q

What classifies and flat bone?

A

Thin, parralell surfaces, protecting underlying organs.

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17
Q

What classifies a irregular bone?

A

Complex shape

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18
Q

What classifies a sesamoid bone?

A

They look like sesame seeds, and forms within a tendon due to friction

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19
Q

What classifies a Wormian bone?

A

It is a subset of flat bones, it is the suture bone, and in the middle of the suture.

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20
Q

Is the bone an organ?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

Spongy and compact bone

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22
Q

What are some of the traits of compact bone?

A

They are parallel osteons with haversian systems.
They have alot of strength in 1 direction, allowing them to withstand compression
In long bones, its superficial, in flat bones its both superficial and deep.

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23
Q

What are the parts of compact bone?

A

Haversian systems, Haversian canals, lamellae, canaliculi, Osteocytes within lacunae, and perforating(volkmann’s canal)

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24
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Rings of tissue that form each osteon

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25
Q

What are canaliculi

A

They are the canal or tunnel between the lacunae and central canal

26
Q

What is the common name for perforating?

A

Blood vessel

27
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

It is the framework of structures and trabecular

28
Q

What is spongy bone made of?

A

Spongy bone is made of a single osteon that is irregularly arranged, not random!

29
Q

How does spongy bone have strenght?

A

In a variety of directions

30
Q

What are the parts of spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae, Lamellae, Osteocytes within Lacunae, Canaliculi, and Red bone marrow.

31
Q

how does spongy bone grow

A

Outward

32
Q

What does the osteon lack in spongy bone?

A

A central canal

33
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

It is the superficial layer of the bone

34
Q

What 2 things make up the periosteum

A

The fiberous and cellular layers

35
Q

What is the endosteum

A

it is the cellular layer (incomplete) with the same cells.

36
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells do what?

A

Make bone

37
Q

Osteoclasts do what?

A

Break down bone

38
Q

What is the epiphysis and the diaphysis?

A

Epiphysis is the end of the bone and the diaphysis is the middle portion of the bone

39
Q

What does the diaphysis contain?

A

Itis hollow, with yellow bone marrow
*it has red bone marrow in the center

40
Q

What are the 4 bone cells?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts.

41
Q

Which one of these is a category of connective tissue stem cells

A

Osteoprogenitor cells.

42
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Osteogenesis

43
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

They are mature bone cells and perform bone maintinence

44
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

They break down bone through remolding and are derived from monocytes

45
Q

To perform homoeostasis in bones, what must be true?

A

The osteoblast must balance with osteoclasts

46
Q

Osteoporosis is

A

When the breakdown of bone is faster then systhesis

47
Q

Fibro dysplasia ossification progressive

A

When more bone is made then recycles, turning muscles into bone

48
Q

Are osteoblasts immature or mature bone cells?

A

Immature

49
Q

What are some features of osteoblasts?

A

Large nucleus and cytoplasm, with cytoplasmic processes, and a mitochondria and rough er.

50
Q

What is collagen synthesis?

A

The formation of collagen

51
Q

What is collagen?

A

It si a organic material, that forms the base that mineral crystals build on and is very strong.

52
Q

Calcification is…

A

The inorganic mineral salts that make bones hard.

53
Q

With osteoclasts, what are the two surfaces?

A

The resorptive surface, which is bone tissue and the ruffled boarder which is part of the osteoclasts.

54
Q

What is the clear zone?

A

It is on either side of the resorptive surface/ruffled boarder

55
Q

What is the vesicular region?

A

The region containing the enzymes and acid

56
Q

Are the resorptive surface, ruffled boarder, clear zone, and vesicular region in or outside of the cell?

A

Inside

57
Q

What is outside of the cell?

A

The focal decalcification and the extracellular digestion

58
Q

What is the focal decalcification?

A

Carbonic acid makes ph go down and softens the bone, making it lose calcium

59
Q

What is extracellular digestion?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes digest and break down collagen.

60
Q

What are the two forms of ossification?

A

Intermembranous and enchondral

61
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

Bone forms within fibrous connective tissue membrane, which is how flat and sesamoid bones form.

62
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

bone replaces hyalin model, which is how long and short bones are created.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (9 decks)

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