Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Pain of visceral origin that follows the dermatome rule?

A

Referred pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Increased in what motor neuron activity increases the sensitivity of the muscle spindle?

A

Gamma - motor neuron activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An exaggerated form of the Golgi tendon reflex?

A

Clasp-knife Reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autonomic receptor blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia but not at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blocks Nicotinic receptors only in the ganglia and not in the NMJ?

A

Hexamethonium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

True or False.
Nicotinic receptors are present in both ganglia and NMJ?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

66/M with chronic hypertension treated with prazosin. Mechanism of action of the drug?

A

Inhibition of a-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation of cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds , decreased TPR and decreased BP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parasympathetic muscarinic receptor effect on the eyes?

A

Miosis - contraction of the circular muscle of the iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unique feature of C fibers compared to other types?

A

Have the slowest conduction velocity of any nerve fiber type.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Compared with the cones of the retina , the rods are more sensitive to?

A

Low intensity light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The apex of the organ of Corti responds to which frequency?

A

The apex responds better to low frequencies than the base does.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Origin of sympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Originates in the Thoracolumbar Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The apex of the organ corti responds to which frequency?

A

The apex responds better to low frequencies than the base does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Autonomic receptors that mediates increased in heart rate?

A

Adrenergic B-1 Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Total blindness of the left eye. Structure damaged?

A

Left optic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reflex responsible for monosynaptic excitation of ipsilateral homonymous muscle

A

Stretch reflex ( myotactic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cells in the visual cortex that responds best to moving bar of light?

A

Complex Cells
-respond to moving bars or edges with correct orientation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cell in the visual cortex respond to stationary bars?

A

Simple cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell in the visual cortex respond to lines, curves, and angles?

A

Hypercomplex cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Drug/ Drug class contraindicated in a child with history of asthma?

A

Propranolon ( Beta 2- antagonist)
Will cause further bronchoconstriction from an already increased resistance in asthma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stimulatory adrenergic receptor that forms IP3 and an increase in intracellular Ca?

A

Alpha 1 receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The excessive muscle tone produced in decerebrate rigidity can be reversed by ?

A

Cutting the dorsal roots blocks the reflexes since decerebrate rigidity is caused by increased reflex muscle spindle activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Body part with the largest representation on the primary motor cortex?

A

Fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autonomic receptor that mediates secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla?

A

Cholinergic nicotinic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Blindness in the temporal field of the left eye and nasal field on the right eye. What structure is damaged?

A

Right optic tract ( homonymous contralateral hemianopia )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A dancer spins to the left and eyes snap quickly to the left. This fast eye movement is called?

A

Nystagmus

Occurs in same direction as the rotation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A dancer spins to the left and eyes snap quickly to the right. This fast eye movement is called?

A

Postrotatory Nystagmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Autonomic drug that stimulates adenylate cyclase?
Choices:
atropine , clonidine, curare, norepinephrine, phentolamine, or propranolol.

A

Norepinephrine
among the autonomic drugs only B1 and B2 act by stimulating adenylate cyclase.

Atropine - Muscarinic cholinergic antagonist
Clonidine- alpha 2 agonist
Curare- Nicotinic cholinergic antagonist
Phentolamine - alpha 1 antagonist
Propranolol- B1 & B2 antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Activates transducing in photoreception?

A

Metarhodopsin II
Activates transducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Effects of pathogens in producing fever?

A

Increase Interleukin 1

  1. Increase prostaglandins
  2. Increase in set point temperature
  3. Shivering
  4. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

True or False.
Olfactory receptor cells are considered neurons.

A

True, and the only neurons that regenerate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Effect of chorda tympani lesion.

A

Impaired taste function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Produces maximum excitation of the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal?

A

Rotating the head to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In Disdiadokinesia , what organ or structure is affected?

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Autonomic receptor activated by low concentrations of epinephrine causing vasodilation .

A

Adrenergic Bata-2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Complete transection of the spinal cord at the level of T1 would most likely result in ?

A

Temporary loss of stretch reflex below the lesion.

Transection of spinal cord causes spinal shock and loss of all reflexes below the level of the lesion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Definition of sensory receptor potentials?

A

Are graded in size depending on stimulus intensity.
May bring the membrane potential of the receptor cell either toward (depolarization) or away (hyperpolarization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Tru or False.
Receptor potentials are not action potentials.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Blindness in the temporal fields of the left and right eyes. What structure is damaged?

A

Optic chiasm ( bitemporal hemianopia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Primary function is to coordinate rate, range, force, and direction of movement?

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Reflex responsible for polysynaptic excitation of contralateral extensors?

A

Flexor withdrawal reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Function of nuclear bag fibers?

A

They detect dynamic changes in muscle length.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Function of Nuclear chain?

A

Detect static changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Muscle stretch leads to a direct increase in firing rate of this type of nerve?

A

Group Ia fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

42 / F with Pheochromocytoma treated with phenoxybenzamine. What is the moa of the drug?

A

Decrease IP3 / Ca 2+ , phenoxybenzamine is an a-1 antagonist , thus decreasing IP3 / Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Effect of atropine on AV node conduction velocity.

A

Increased AV node conduction velocity.

Muscarinic receptors decreases AV Node conduction, thus muscarinic antagonists agents such as atropine , will increase AV node conduction velocity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What waves in the EEG in a person with closed eyes but awake?

A

Alpha waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nerve affected in claw hand?

A

Ulnar Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nerve affected in wrist drop?

A

Radial Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nerve affected in ape hand/ Hand of benediction?

A

Median Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Parkinsons:
Mechanism ?
Location in the brain ?
NT affected ?

A

Mechanism: degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
Location: Substantia nigra pars compacta
NT affected: Dopamine

52
Q

Heteronymous bitemporal hemianposia?

A

Optic chiasm

53
Q

Innervated by alpha- motoneurons, for voluntary muscle contraction?
Choices: Intrafusal or Extrafusal

A

Extrafusal

54
Q

Blocked by hexamethonium at the ganglia but not in the NMJ?

A

Cholinergic Nicotinic Receptors

55
Q

Which reflex is responsible for monosynaptic excitation of ispsilateral homonymous muscle?

A

Stretch reflex (Myotatic)

56
Q

Sleep cycle rhythm/ waves?

A

Alpha, Beta, Delta, Theta

57
Q

Location of the blindspot?

A

A. 12-15 degrees temporally
B. 1.5 degrees below the horizontal meridian
C. 7.5 degrees high
D. 5.5 degrees wide

58
Q

Neostigmine moa?

A

Inhibits Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)

59
Q

Hexamethonium moa?

A

Non-depolarizing ganglionic blocker

60
Q

Innervation anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

CN VII ( Chorda tympani Facial Nerve)

61
Q

Releases NO?

A

Nonadrenergic , Noncholinergic Neurons

62
Q

Substance P is inhibited by?

A

Opioid

63
Q

Decreases pupillary aperture?

A

Miosis

64
Q

Drooping of eyelid?

A

Ptosis

65
Q

Muscle that contracts during knee-jerk reflex / patellar reflex ?

A

Quadriceps femoris ( Extensor Muscle)
- located taas sa patella

66
Q

Salivation after seeing a roasted pig is caused by?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system
- cephalic phase of gastric secretion also occurs at this time

67
Q

Most potent mechanism for heat production ?

A

Shivering ( behavioral response)

68
Q

Diseases involving Dopamine?

A
  1. Parkinsons - decreased
  2. Schizophrenia - increased
69
Q

Diseases involving Acetylcholine?

A
  1. Myasthenia gravis- autoantibodies against acetylcholine
  2. Alzheimers- decreased
70
Q

Characteristics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) ? (4)

A
  1. CBF is related to metabolism of cerebral tissues
  2. H+ causes increased blood flow vasodilation
  3. O2 utilization by the brain is within narrow limits
  4. Increased CBF will increase removal of acids
71
Q

Characterizes the corticorubrospinal system? (4)

A
  1. Serves as an accessory route for transmission of discrete signals
  2. Ends on the interneurons and motor neurons that control the more distal muscles of the limbs
  3. Stimulation of a single point in a portion of the red nucleus will cause contraction of a single muscle
  4. Humans have small and rudimentary red nucleus
72
Q

Clasp knife reflex?

A

Golgi Tendon Reflex - characteristic UMN lesion response

73
Q

Visual defect from cutting the optic nerve ?

A

Blindness in the ipsilateral eye

74
Q

Blocks the release of Ach from presynaptic terminals?

A

Botulinum toxin

75
Q

Reflex involving flexion on ipsilateral side and extension on contralateral side?

A

Flexor - Withdrawal Reflex

76
Q

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing involve ?

A

Calacrine fissure

77
Q

Summate to form endplate potential (EPP)?

A

Miniature End-Plate potential

EPP is an efficient action potential that involves depolarization of the specialized muscle end plate.

78
Q

Functions of neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Chemical messengers

79
Q

Types of cells in the CNS? (2)

A

1.neurons
2.glial cells

80
Q

Micturition center?

A

Pons

81
Q

Respiratory center ?

A

Medullary ( DRG & VRG)

82
Q

Apneustic center when stimulated will cause?

A

Prolongs duration of inspiration -> decreased RR

83
Q

Occurs in REM sleep?

A
  1. Dreams
  2. Miosis
  3. Erection
  4. Occurs every 90mins of slow wave sleep
  5. Rapid eye movement
  6. Difficult to arouse
84
Q

When a vascular smooth muscle are stretched , there’s a reflex contraction and vice versa. May explain auto regulation , but not active or reactive hyperemia.

A

Myogenic Theory

85
Q

Helps in regeneration and remyelination in thePNS?

A

Schwann cells

86
Q

Stimulate flexors and primarily extensor muscles predominates the medullary counterpart?

A

Pontine Reticulospinal Tract

87
Q

Neurotransmitters of the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. Acetylcholine (major)
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
88
Q

Main function of CSF?

A

Cushioning

89
Q

Location of Rods and Cones?

A

Retina

90
Q

Important eye movement?

A

Blinking

91
Q

Ciliary muscle contraction?

A

Spherical lens ( focus on near objects, accommodation)

92
Q

2 functional classes of eye movements?

A

Gaze stabilization& Gaze shifting

93
Q

Type of hearing loss when you damage the inner hair cells?

A

Irreversible sensorineural hearing loss
( usually affecting first those involved in high-frequency sounds)

94
Q

Rapid alternating movements?

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

95
Q

Parts of the brain involved in hunger?

A

Lateral (hunger) nuclei
Ventromedial (satiety) nuclei of the hypothalamus

96
Q

MOA of hexamethonium?

A

Non-depolarizing, ganglionic blocker

(Nicotinic not in NMJ )

97
Q

Corrective lenses for Myopia ?

A

Biconcave

98
Q

Corrective lenses for Hyperopia ?

A

Convex

99
Q

Corrective lenses for Astogmatism ?

A

Cylindrical

100
Q

Uses group Ia afferents , detects dynamic changes?

A

Nuclear bag fibers

101
Q

Approximate number of neurons?

A

100 Bilion

102
Q

Involve in interhemispheric communication?

A

Corpus callosum

103
Q

Gas that is always an inhibitory NT, can vasodilate arterioles, involves cGMP?

A

Nitric Oxide

104
Q

LH is highest in what phase of cycle?

A

Ovulation

105
Q

Part of the brain you need the most to catch a fly?

A

Cerebral cortex

106
Q

Conduction velocity is most dependent on?

A

Nerve diameter ( more than myelination)

107
Q

Form red nucleus to interneurons of lateral spinal cord. Stimulates flexors , inhibits extensors ?

A

Rubrospinal Tract

108
Q

Location of GABA C Receptors?

A

Retina

109
Q

Greatest resistance in the blood vessels?

A

Arterioles

110
Q

Putamen and anterior horn cells are involved in?

A

Motor pathways

111
Q

Also known as the craniosacral division?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

112
Q

What facilitates release of Ach from the synaptic vesicles?

A

Ca influx

113
Q

Autoimmune disease marked by auto-antibodies against this voltage gated calcium channels which prevents Ach from being released to the NMJ?

A

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

114
Q

Compression of eyeballs / EOMS leading to decreased HR?

A

Oculocardiac Reflex/ Aschner Phenomenon/ Ashner-Dagnini Reflex

115
Q

Cause HCl secretion while food is in stomach?

A

Vagovagal Reflex

116
Q

Appetite & Satiety centers are found in which part of hypothalamus respectively?

A

Lateral (Appetite)
Ventromedial ( Satiety)

117
Q

Used for night vision?

A

Rods

118
Q

Triggers the chemoreceptor trigger zone found in the area of postrema?

A
  1. Emetics
  2. Radiation
  3. Vestibular stimulation
119
Q

Chemoreceptors react to which stimulus ? (2)

A
  1. Peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic bodies, carotid bodies:
    -hypoxemia (main)
    -hypercarbia
    -acidosis
  2. Central chemoreceptors in medulla: CSF H+
120
Q

Which nerve when damaged cause gluteal / tendelenburg gait?

A

Superior Gluteal Nerve

Tendelenburg gait: mo drop ang pelvic bone while ga walk

121
Q

No action potential possible even with increased stimulus?

A

Absolute Refractory Period

122
Q

In comparison to skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells contain more __________?

A

Sarcosomes ( large specialized mitochondria)

123
Q

Types of GABA receptors? (3)

A
  1. GABA A : ionotrophic ; ubiquitous
  2. GABA B : metabotropic
  3. GABA C: ionotropic , enriched in retina compared to other parts of CNS
124
Q

After a rapid spin to he right , eyes quickly snap in the same direction?

A

Nystagmus

125
Q

Triggers of malignant hyperthermia?

A
  1. Halothane also inhaled general anesthesia : enflurane, ether, isoflurane, sevoflurane)
  2. Succinylcholine
  3. Heat stress
  4. Vigorous exercise
126
Q

Polysynaptic reflex? (3)

A
  1. Flexor - withdrawal reflex: ( touching hot pan , flexon on the affected arm, extension in contralateral)
  2. Golgi- Tendon / Clasp Knife Reflex: disynaptic , UMN lesion
  3. Stretch/ Knee-jerk Reflex : monosynaptic , quadriceps femoris tendon is responsible for the jerking
127
Q

Physiologic blind spot?

A

Optic disc

Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions