Neurophysiology part 2 deck 2

Question 1

What occurs to a single EPSP neuron in summation by the postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 1

It can not induce an AP, but they can summate (add together) to influence postsynaptic neuron

Question 2

Can IPSP neurons summate like EPSP neurons?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Most neurons receive both excitatory & inhibitory inputs from thousands of other neurons only if ____?

Answer 3

EPSPs predominate and bring to threshold will an AP be generated

Question 4

What are the two types of summations?

Answer 4

Temporal and spatial

Question 5

What occurs in temporal summation?

Answer 5

1 or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire; first impulse produces EPSP and before it can dissipate another EPSP is triggered, adding on top of first impulse

Question 6

What occurs in spatial summation?

Answer 6

The postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by large number of terminals simultaneously

Question 7

What are activated in spatial summation?

Answer 7

Many receptors with each producing EPSPs, which can then add together

Question 8

Synaptic potentiation is the repeated use of ___ which increases the presynaptic cell’s ability to what?

Answer 8

synapses, excite postsynaptic neuron

Question 9

what causes the release of more neurotransmitter in synaptic potentiation?

Answer 9

Ca2+ concentration which increases in presynaptic terminal, leading to more EPSPs in postsynaptic neuron

Question 10

Potentiation can cause ___ voltage gates to open on ___ neuron?

Answer 10

Ca2+, postsynaptic

Question 11

What influences does Ca2+ has on subsequent stimuli regarding potentiation?

Answer 11

It activates kinase enzymes, leading to more effective response of stimuli

Question 12

Long-term potentiation involves

Answer 12

learning and memory

Question 13

The release of excitatory neurotransmitter by one neuron is inhibited by another neuron via an axoaxonal synapse is involved in ____?

Answer 13

Presynaptic inhibition where less neurotransmitter is released, leading to smaller EPSPs

Question 15

Neurotransmitters are known as the ___ of the nervous system?

Answer 15

language

Question 16

How many neurotransmitter have been identified according to the lecture?

Answer 16

50 or more

Question 17

How many neurotransmitters are made by neurons?

Answer 17

2 or more and can exert several influences

Question 18

Neurotransmitters are usually released at different ____?

Answer 18

stimulation frequencies

Question 19

Neurotransmitters are classified by what two conditions?

Answer 19

chemical structure and function

Question 20

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter classed according to its chemical structure or function?

Answer 20

Chemical structure

Question 21

AcH is the ___ identified and ___ understood?

Answer 21

first, best

Question 22

AcH, a neurotransmitter is released at?

Answer 22

neuromuscular junctions and can be degraded by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Question 23

ACh is used by many ___ neurons and some ___ neurons>

Answer 23

ANS, CNS

Question 24

Biogenic amines are neurotransmitters classified according to ____?

Answer 24

Chemical structure

Question 25

What are two classes of biogenic amines?

Answer 25

Catecholamines and indolamines

Question 26

Catecholamines includes?

Answer 26

Dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine which are made from the amino acid tyrosine

Question 27

Indolamines includes the widely used ___ & ___ in the brain?

Answer 27

serotonin and histamine, playing role in emotional behaviors and biological clock

Question 28

Indolamines are also used by some ___?

Answer 28

motor neurons

Question 29

The imbalance of this group of biogenic amines are associated with mental illness?

Answer 29

Indolamines

Question 30

The amino acids that are proven neurotransmitter include?

Answer 30

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, and GABA (gama-aminobutyric acid)

Question 31

Peptides which are neuropeptides include ___, ___, & ___

Answer 31

substance P, endorphins, & gut brain peptides

Question 32

Substance P neuropeptides are?

Answer 32

mediator of pain signals

Question 33

Endorphins (neuropeptides) include what 3 types ?

Answer 33

beta endorphin, dynorphin, and enkephalins, all act as natural opiates (reduce pain perception)

Question 34

Gut brain peptides (neuropeptides) are?

Answer 34

somatostatin & cholecystokinin, which play a role in regulating digestion

Question 35

The amino acids and its types and peptides and its types are neurotransmitters classified based on its?

Answer 35

Chemical structure

Question 36

Purines like adenosine is a ___?

Answer 36

potent inhibitor in the brain

Question 37

An example of a purine is?

Answer 37

Caffeine which blocks adenosine receptors

Question 38

What are examples of gasotransmitters?

Answer 38

Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide gases (H2S)

Question 39

The gasotransmitter NO involved in?

Answer 39

Learning and formation of new memories, brain damage in stroke patients and smooth muscle relaxation in intestine

Question 40

Endocannabinodis (lipid) is believed to be involved in ____ & ____?

Answer 40

learning & memory

Question 41

Endocannabinoids may also be involved in ___, ___, & ___?

Answer 41

neuronal development, controlling appetite, & suppressing nausea