Neuroplasticity

Question 1

Neuroplasticity

Answer 1

Ability of the CNS to undergo structural and functional change in response to new experiences

Question 2

When does neuroplasticity occur

Answer 2

1. during development
2. in response to the environment
3. in support of learning
4. in response to disease
5. in relation to therapy

Question 3

Neuroplasticity is driven by

Answer 3

1. the genetic code
2. injury
3. experience

Question 4

After a CNS injury or in response to pain, motor and sensory representational maps change. This is an example of:

Answer 4

Negative/Maladaptive Plasticity.

Question 5

Where does neuroplasticity occur

Answer 5

the soma, axon, dendrite, and/or the synapse

can be morphological and/or physiological

occurs throughout lifespan

Question 6

Types of Morphological Neuroplasticity

Answer 6

Neurogenesis

Angiogenesis

Question 7

Neurogenesis

Answer 7

New cell development from neural stem cells

Question 8

Angiogenesis

Answer 8

blood vessel proliferation stimulated by endothelial cells releasing growth factors

Question 9

components of Physiological Neuroplasticity

Answer 9

• Synaptic efficacy
• Membrane excitability
• Blood Flow

Question 10

Physiological Neuroplasticity:

Blood flow

Answer 10

1. Neurovascular coupling

2. Plasticity is dependent on return of perfusion to an area

Question 11

Neurovascular Coupling

Answer 11

Spatial and temporal association between blood flow to and activation of neurons (functional MRI)

Question 12

Neuroplasticity at the Systems level definition

Answer 12

reorganization of a given region or a change in the area associated with a given function

Question 13

Interventions to enhance NP

Answer 13

1. Noninvasive brain stimulation
2. deep brain stimulation
3. neuropharmacology
4. physical training
5. aerobic exercise
6. cognitive training
7. rtfMRI neurofeedback (real time fMRI)

Question 14

Variables that influence Neuroplasticity

Answer 14

1. experience
2. sleep
3. mood
4. hormones
5. cardiorespiratory function
6. diet
7. pharmaceuticals

Question 15

Experience Dependent factors of neuroplasticity

Answer 15

1. use it or lose it
2. use it and improve it
3. specificity
4. repetition matters
5. intensity matters
6. salience matters
7. time matters
8. age matters
9. transference
10. interference

Question 16

use it or lose it

Answer 16

failure to drive specific brain functions can lead to functional degadation

Question 17

use it and improve it

Answer 17

training that drives specific brain function can lead to an enhancement of that function

Question 18

specificity

Answer 18

nature of the training experience dictates the nature of plasticity

Question 19

repetition matters

Answer 19

induction of plasticity requires sufficient repetition

Question 20

intensity matters

Answer 20

-induction of plasticity requires sufficient training intensity

Question 21

salience matters

Answer 21

-training experience must be sufficiently salient to induce plasticity

Question 22

time matters

Answer 22

intensive exercise performed too early may be neurotoxic

Question 23

age matters

Answer 23

training-induced plasticity occurs more readily in younger brains

Question 24

transference

Answer 24

plasticity in response to one training experience can enhance acquisition of similar behaviors

Question 25

interference

Answer 25

plasticity within a given neural circuitry can impede the induction of new, or expression of existing, plasticity within the same circuitry

Question 26

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Answer 26

member of neurotrophin family involved in: - neuroprotection - neurogenesis key mediator of motor learning and recovery

Question 27

In animal work, they found that blocking BDNF...

Answer 27

impaired motor learning

Question 28

effect of aerobic exercise on BDNF

Answer 28

increases in hippocampus, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and SC

Question 29

when does BDNF increase post exercise in humans?

Answer 29

10-60 minutes

Question 30

How does BDNF facilitate long term potentiation?

Answer 30

promoting dendritic growth and remodeling

Question 31

Physical activity affects on brain function

Answer 31

1. upregulation of BDNF 2. NT-3 3. Increased dopamine and serotonin (indirectly through cardio, fitness, decreased inflammation, increased cerebral blood flow)

Question 32

Sleep effects on brain function

Answer 32

1. influences synaptic plasticity | 2. promotes storage and consolidation of info acquired during previous waking

Question 33

Mood effects on brain function

Answer 33

1. reduction in hippocampal size seen in major depression 2. mild stress can enhance learning and memory 3. prolonged stress can cause retraction/atrophy of neuronal processes and neuronal loss

Question 34

Hormones: | Progesterone after CNS injury can...

Answer 34

1. reduce apoptosis 2. decrease inflammation 3. enhance myelination 4. improve recovery of motor function

Question 35

Diet | Caloric restriction can:

Answer 35

1. increase neurogenesis | 2. mitigate injury-related decreases in synaptic plasticity

Question 36

Diet | curcumin can

Answer 36

enhance cell survival

Question 37

Diet | flavanols can

Answer 37

promote angiogenesis, enhance synaptic plasticity

Question 38

Diet | antioxidant

Answer 38

provide neural protection

Question 39

Pharmeceuticals

Answer 39

1. Acetylcholine can increase plasticity 2. cocaine and amphetamine shown to promote synaptic plasticity in multiple regions 3. amphetamine combined with enriched environment and focused training improves motor function in rats after stroke