Wk 2: Motor Learning Flashcards
What is Motor Learning?
The process by which the capability for producing movement performance and the actual movement are reliably changed through instruction, practice, and/or experience.
Motor Recovery
Recovery of function: reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury
What is the main difference between motor performance and motor learning
motor learning is a relatively permanent change
motor performance is a temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions
What are the four concepts of motor learning?
- process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
- results from practice
- can’t be measured directly but is inferred from behavior
- produces a relatively permanent change in behavior
Motor learning is a complex interaction of:
perception, cognition, and action
T/F Motor learning only involves motor processes
F: must also learn new strategies for senses
Task Solutions
New strategies for perceiving and acting
Motor learning involves searching for a task solution from:
The interaction of the individual, task, and environment
Recovery of function
Search for new solutions in relationship to specific tasks and environments given the new constraints imposed on the individual by the neural pathology.
Motor Learning involves what changes within the nervous system infrastructure
- Level of neuronal activation
- Synaptic efficiency
- Cortical reorganization
- Changes in blood flow
How do we infer that motor learning has occurred?
Observing performance over time in different environmental and task circumstances
Sometimes performance suffers during process, incorrect things may be learned
To qualify as motor learning there must be evidence that:
practice, instruction, and/or experience has occurred and that they are not the result of maturation, fatigue, motivation, or drugs
What are the two primary forms of motor learning?
Explicit and Implicit
What are the three types of Implicit learning?
Non-associative
associative
procedural
Habituation
decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a non-painful stimulus
Procedural Learning
Learning tasks that can be performed automatically without attention or conscious thought
How does procedural learning develop?
slowly through repetition of an act over many trials
What are some examples of tasks that involve procedural learning?
riding a bike
walking
VOR
Declarative/Explicit Learning
Results in knowledge that can be consciously recalled. Requires awareness, attention, and reflection
T/F: Constant repetition can transform declarative learning into non-declarative or procedural learning
True
What is an advantage of Declarative/Explicit Learning?
Can be practiced in ways other than the one in which it was learned
What is Adam’s Closed-Loop Theory
Sensory feedback used for ongoing production of skilled movement.
Memory trace used in the selection and initiation of movement
Perceptual trace built up over a period of practice and becomes the internal reference of correctness
What are the clinical implications for Adam’s Closed Loop Theory?
- Essential to have the patient repeat the same exact movement repeatedly, to one accurate endpoint.
- The more time spent practicing the movement as accurately as possible, the better the learning will be.
What are some limitations to Adam’s Closed Loop Theory?
- Theory can’t explain the accurate performance of novel movements or open-loop movements made in the absence of sensory feedback
- It may be impossible for the brain to store a separate perceptual trace for every movement ever performed
- Variability in movement practice may actually improve motor performance of the task (depending on type of task)
