Week 1

Question 1

What is motor control

Answer 1

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

What three things influence the emergence of movement?

Answer 2

Task, Individual, Envronment

Question 3

The problem of coordinating many muscles and joints is called the

Answer 3

degrees of freedom problem

Question 4

if the muscle is considered the unit that must be controlled, the degrees of freedom ________

Answer 4

increase dramatically

Question 5

The body operates in what two ways within a finite and limited class of movements to control the degrees of freedom problem?

Answer 5

functional collectives

coordinative structures

Question 6

sensory/perceptual systems

Answer 6

provides information about the state of the body and features within the environment critical to the regulation of movement

Question 7

What are the three fundamental psychological needs?

Answer 7

autonomy, competence, social relatedness

Question 8

autonomy

Answer 8

need to determine or feel in control of one’s own actions

Question 9

competence

Answer 9

need to perceive oneself as capable/competent

Question 10

social relatedness

Answer 10

need to feel included, accepted, or connected to others, to feel satisfaction in one’s involvement in the social world

Question 11

Aspects of building autonomy

Answer 11

• subtle conidtioning that convey freedom of engagement or personal autonomy matter
• small choices have a large impact
• incidental/mere choices can affect learning
• social interactions and controlling language can threaten autonomy

Question 12

aspects of building competence

Answer 12

using language such as “active people, like you, with your experience, usually do very well on this task”

Question 13

aspects of social relatedness

Answer 13

inclusion
connection
acceptance
collaboration

Question 14

What are the aspects of the Task

Answer 14

functional categories
discrete vs continuous
characteristics of base of support
presence of manipulation
movement of variability
open and closed-loop motor control

Question 15

what are the characteristics of base of support

Answer 15

stable and mobile BOS

Question 16

stable BOS

Answer 16

nonmoving (sitting, standing)

Question 17

mobile BOS

Answer 17

moving (walking)

Question 18

what are two examples of movement variability?

Answer 18

open and closed movement tasks

Question 19

open movement tasks

Answer 19

constantly changing and unpredictable

Question 20

closed movement tasks

Answer 20

relatively stereotyped, little variability, fixed predictable movements

Question 21

open-loop motor control

Answer 21

no sensory feedback is necessary.

typically quick and well-learned movements

Question 22

closed-loop motor control

Answer 22

afferent information guides movement

slow and controlled movements

Question 23

What are the two types of environment

Answer 23

regulatory and non-regulatory

Question 24

regulatory environment

Answer 24

aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself

Question 25

non-regulatory environment

Answer 25

may affect performance but movement doesn't have to conform to these features (background noise)

Question 26

Activity-based task analysis

Answer 26

process of breaking down an activity into its component parts to understand and evaluate the demands of the task and the performance demonstrated

Question 27

What are some characteristics of task analysis?

Answer 27

- requires an understanding of 'normal' - if deficits are present, must determine why - can the task, individual, or environment be changed - how does the patient's performance compare to what is typical?

Question 28

Functional categories of tasks

Answer 28

ADLs BADLs IADLs Functional mobility skills

Question 29

BADLs

Answer 29

grooming toilet hygiene feeding personal device care

Question 30

IADLs

Answer 30

``` money management functional communication socialization functional and community mobility health maintenance ```

Question 31

Functional mobility skills

Answer 31

``` bed mobility sitting scooting transfers standing stepping walking stair climbing ```

Question 32

Aspects of Gentile's Taxonomy

Answer 32

- object manipulation / no object manipulation - body stability / body transport - environment stationary / environment in motion - no intertrial variability / intertrial variability

Question 33

set of interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relate them to each other and observable events

Answer 33

Theory

Question 34

What do theories provide

Answer 34

- framework for interpreting behavior - guide for clinical action - new ideas - working hypotheses for exam and intervention

Question 35

Theories lose usefulness when...

Answer 35

they don't provide an accurate interpretation of a patient's behavior

Question 36

Reflex Theory

Answer 36

Complex behavior could be explained through combined actions of individual reflexes leading to motor control

Question 37

Influence of Reflex Theory on PT

Answer 37

- strategies based on testing reflexes | - retraining motor control for functional skills focus on increasing or decreasing the effect of reflexes during tasks

Question 38

Hierarchical Theory

Answer 38

The cortex is responsible for the planning and development of movement. Cortex > midbrain > brainstem/spinal cord

Question 39

Reflexes in the Hierarchical Theory

Answer 39

motor control through inhibition of reflexes by the hierarchical progression/cortex

Question 40

T/F: The hierarchical theory view reflexes as the sole determinant of motor control

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What questions are presented by the Dynamic Systems Theory?

Answer 41

"How do the patterns and organization we see in the world come into being from their orderless constituent parts?" "How do systems change over time?"

Question 42

What is the principle of self-organization

Answer 42

- when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an orderly way - No need for a higher center to issue instructions

Question 43

Principle of Nonlinear Behavior

Answer 43

New configuration of behavior emerges when a single parameter reaches a critical value

Question 44

Parameters that must reach critical value for infant crawling to walking

Answer 44

ankle strength fear of falling length of torso: length of leg/foot

Question 45

Control Parameter

Answer 45

a variable that regulates change in the behavior of the entire system

Question 46

attractor states

Answer 46

preferred patterns of movement used to accomplish common ADLs

Question 47

attractor well

Answer 47

the degree to which there is flexibility to change in preferred pattern of movement the deeper the well, the harder the change.

Question 48

Ecological Theory

Answer 48

- Perception guides action - Perception focuses on detecting info in the environment that will support the actions necessary to achieve the goal - The individual is an active explorer of the environment and can detect meaningful intrinsic and extrinsic information to organize actions - important to help a patient explore possibilities of achieving a function task in multiple ways