Neuroscience Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
Week of gastrulation
A
3
2
Q
Who induces the formation of neuro system
A
Notochord
3
Q
Notochord secrets __________ to induce the formation of nervous system
A
Sonic hedgehog
4
Q
Open neural tube defects double marker
A
Alfa feto protein
Acetilcolinesterasis
5
Q
Primary vesicles
A
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbra
6
Q
Optic nerve secondary vesicle of brain
A
Telencephalon
7
Q
Rostral failure of neural tube
A
Anencephaly
8
Q
Caudal failure of neural tube
A
Spina bifida
9
Q
Open neural caudal failure
A
Myeloschisis
10
Q
Spina bifida clinic
A
Tuft of hair
11
Q
Arnold Chiari type I
A
Asymptomatic
Downward displacement of cerebelar tonsils
12
Q
Arnold Chiari type II
A
Symptomatic
Compression of IV ventricle
Associated with meningomyelocele
13
Q
Dandy Walker malformation
A
Agenesis of cerebelar vermis
Dilatation of IV ventricle
14
Q
Holoprosencephaly
A
Incomplete separation of cerebral hemispheres
Trisomy of 13 (Patau)
15
Q
Arnold Chiari type I association
A
Syringomyelia
16
Q
Arnold Chiari type II association
A
Meningomyelocele
17
Q
Superior cervical glanglion in the head innervates
A
Sweat glands
Dilator pupilae
Superior tarsal m
18
Q
Horner’s syndrome sings
A
Ptosis
Miosis
Anhydrosis
19
Q
3 lesion sites that causes Horner’s Syndrome
A
T1 (Pancoast)
Carotid dissection
Descending hypothalamic axons
20
Q
What do the Nissil stains
A
Rough endoplasmatic tissue
21
Q
Energy source of anterograde axonal transport
A
Kinesin
22
Q
Energy source of retrograde axonal transport
A
Dynein
23
Q
Form myelin for axons in CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
24
Q
Form myelin for axons in PNS
A
Schwann cells
25
Symptoms lost in time and space
| Impaired myelination
Multiple sclerosis
26
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
```
Optic neuritis
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Motor/sensory deficits
Vertigo
Neuropsychiatric
```
27
All Cranial Nerves are from PNS EXCEPT
Optic nerve
28
Acute
| Symmetric ascending inflammatory neuropathy of PNS
Guillain-Barrè syndrome
29
Supports blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes
30
axon injury: distal part
Degenerates
31
Axon injury: proximal part
Chromatolysis
32
Most common primary tumor
Glioblastoma
33
High malignancy
Cross midline - butterfly glioma
Areas of necrosis
Glioblastoma
34
Second most common primary tumor
| Psammoma bodies
Meningioma
35
Hearing loss
Tinitus
CN V+VII signs
Schwannoma
36
Schwannoma if bilateral
Neurofibromatosis type 2
37
Rathke’s pouch tumor
Craniopharyngioma
38
Compress optic chiasm
Common in children
Adamantinoma
Craniopharyngioma
39
SHH mutation
| Blue, round, small cells with pseudorosettes
Meduloblastoma
40
Fried egg appearance primary tumor
Oligodendroglioma
41
Rosenthal fibers
| Immunostaining with GFAP
Astrocytoma
42
Connects 3rd to 4th ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
43
Who produces CSF
Choroid plexus
44
Non communicating hydrocephalus
Blockage
| Dandy walker
45
Communicating hydrocephalus
Drainage problem
46
Normal pressure hydrocephalus triad
Dementia
Apraxic gait (magnetic)
Urinary incontinence
47
Upper limp spinal nerves
C5-T1
48
Lower limbs spinal nerves
L1-S2
49
_______ matter are neurons cell bodies, and _______ matter are tracts of axons
Gray, white
50
Renshaw cells
Prevent excessive motor contractions
51
Upper motor neurons form _________ tract
Corticospinal
52
Spastic paresis
| Hyperreflexia
UMN lesion
53
Flaccid paralysis
| Arreflexia
LMN lesion
54
Babinski’s sign
UMN lesion
55
Fasciculations
LMN severe lesion
56
Where the UMN crosses midline
Pyramidal decussation
57
LMN is always ____________ to the innervated muscle
Ipsilateral
58
Motor system is a ____ neurons pathway, and sensory system is a _____ neurons pathway.
2,3
59
Second sensory neurons courses in the spinal cord as _________ or ______
Lemniscus or tract
60
Proprioception and touch (vibratory, fine, pressiona and 2-point discrimination)
Medial lemniscus
61
Dorsal column has 2 fasciculus
Cuneatus and Gracilis
62
Fasciculus cuneatus is ________ and gracilis is __________
| Medial/lateral
Lateral, medial
63
Pain and temperature
Spinothalamic tract
64
Lesion of fasciculus cuneatus
Loss of vibratory sensation
65
What is brown-sequard syndrome
Hemissection of the spinal cord
- corticospinal
- dorsal columns
- sponothalamic
66
Brown-sequard syndrome signs
IPSILATERAL spastic paresis below the injury
IPSILATERAL loss of joint position sense, tactile and vibratory sensuous below the lesion
CONTRALATERAL loss of pain and temperature 2 segments below the lesion
67
Polio symptoms
bilateral flaccid paralysis
Muscle atrophy
Fasciculations
Arreflexia
68
Polio destroys ______ motor neurons
Lower
69
Tabes dorsais what is
Late stage of neurossiphilys
70
Tabes dorsalis symptoms
3p: pins and needles (paresthesias)
Pain
Polyuria
Supressed reflexes
71
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Flaccid paralysis in upper limbs (LMN)
Spastic paralysis in lower limbs (UMN)
Increased tone and reflexes
72
Anterior spinal artery occlusion
Spastic bladder
Mid thoracic levels
Dorsal columns sparred
73
Subacute combined degeneration cause
Dramatic loss of vit B12
| Pernicious anemia
74
Subacute combined degeneration symptoms
Paresthesias
Bilateral spastic weakness
Babinski
Sensory ataxia
75
Syringomyelia
Progressive enlargement of the central canal of the spinal cord
76
What cranial nerves are not from the brain stem
I, II e IX
77
What CN arise from midbrain
III, IV
78
What CN arise from pons
V, VI, VII e VIII
79
What CN arise from upper medulla
IX, X e XII
80
Marker of upper medulla
Inferior olivary nucleus
81
CN I
Olfactory
82
Lesion of CN I
Anosmia
83
CN II
Optic
84
Only CN affected by multiple sclerosis
Optic
85
Lesion in optic nerve
Loss of light reflex
| Visual field deficits (anopsia)
86
CN III
Oculomotor
87
Raises eyelid
Constrict pupil
Accommodates
Oculomotor
88
Muscles innervated by CN III
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior oblique
89
Muscle and nerve that ADDUCT eye (look in)
Medial rectus
| CN III
90
Eye movement from CN III
Adduct (look in)
| Look up
91
Lesion in CN III
```
Diplopia
External strabismus
Ptosis
Loss of light reflex
Loss of near response
```
92
CN VI
Abducens
93
Eye movement from CN VI
ABDUCT (look out)
94
Muscle and CN that abduct the eye
Lateral rectus
| CM VI
95
Lesion of CN VI
Diplopia
Internal strabismus
Loss of parallel gaze
“Pseudo ptosis”
96
CN IV
Trochlear
97
Muscle of CN IV
Superior oblique
98
Eye movement of CN IV
Look down and out
| Intorts
99
Lesion of CN IV
Weakness looking down
Trouble going downstairs
Head tilts away from lesioned side
100
CN V
Trigeminal
101
CN V branches
Ophthalmic (v1)
Maxillary (v2)
Mandibular (v3)
102
V1 territory
Forehead
Scalp
Cornea
103
V2 territory
Palate/nasal/maxillary face and teeth
104
V3 territory
Mandibular face and teeth
| Anterior 2/3 tongue
105
CN V lesion
Loss of blink reflex
Complete facial anesthesia ipsilateral
Jaw deviation toward week side
106
Trigeminal neuralgia
Intractable pain of V2/V3 territory
107
CN VII
Facial
108
CN VII innervation
Facial expression
Salivation
Taste anterior 2/3 tongue
Tears
109
Bell’s palsy
CN VII lesion
110
Bell’s palsy signs
```
Mouth droops
Can’t close eyes
Can’t wrinkle forehead
Loss blink reflex
Hyperacusia
Loss of taste
Dry eye
```
111
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear
112
CN VIII lesion
Sensory hearing loss
Loss of balance
Nystagmus
113
CN IX
Glossopharyngeal
114
CN IX innervation
Salivation (parotid gland)
| Sensation to posterior 1/3 tongue
115
Which reflex is from CN IX
Gag reflex
116
Gag reflex stimulates
Swallowing
Palate elevates
Pharynx constricts
Larynx closes
117
CN X
Vagus
118
Structures from CN X
Palate, pharynx, larynx
119
```
Nasal speech
Regurgitation
Dysphagia
Palate droop
Uvulectomia affected side
Hoarseness
Loss of gag and cough reflex
```
CN X lesion
120
CN XI
Acessory
121
Lesion of CN XI
Shoulder drop
122
Muscles innervated from CN XI
Sternocleidomastoid
| Trapezius
123
CN XII
Hypoglossal
124
Lesion of CN XII
Tongue pointing to affected side on protusion
125
CN VII innervation is _______ to forehead and shut eye, and _________ nostrils and mouth
(Uni/bilateral) (ipsi/contralateral)
Bilateral/ contralateral
126
Presbyacusia
Loss of hair cells
127
Only place where the sensory hearing loss will be ipsilateral
CN VIII
128
Function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)
Ability to adduct an eye
129
Lesion of the vestibular nuclei
Vestibular nystagmus
130
Caloric test
COWS
cold water - opposite side nystagmus
Warm water - same side
131
Lesion in MLF
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
132
Branches of vertebral artery
Anterior spinal artery - medial medulla
| Posterior inferior cerebelar Artery - lateral medulla
133
Lesion in posterior cerebral artery
Contralateral hemianopsia with macular spairing
134
Every Brain stem syndrome
Contralateral long tract + CN sign
135
Contralateral spastic paresis
Contralateral loss of tactile, vibration and conscious proprioception
Ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of tongue with tongue deviation on protusion to the lesion side
Medial medullary syndrome
136
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
Absence of gag reflex
Ipsilateral paralysis of larynx, pharynx and palate (dysarthria and dysphagia)
Ipsilateral lower limb ataxia
Lateral medullary syndrome
137
Paramedian Artery lesion causes
Medial pontine syndrome
138
Contralateral loss of tactile, vibration, position
Contralateral spastic hemiparesia
Medial strabismus
Medial pontine syndrome
139
Posterior inferior cerebelar artery lesion causes
Lateral pontine syndrome
140
Ipsilateral ataxia
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
Ipsilateral hearing loss
Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
Ipsilateral facial paralysis, loss of taste, lacrimation, salivation, hyperacusia
Vertigo, nausea, vomiting, nystagmus
Lateral pontine syndrome
141
Medial midbrain syndrome other name
Weber syndrome
142
Ipsilateral oculomotor palsy
Contralateral spastic hemiparesia
Contralateral hemiparesia of lower face
Medial midbrain syndrome
143
Lesion in corticobulbar tract
Contralateral hemiparesis of lower face
144
Dorsal midbrain syndrome other name
Parnaud syndrome
145
Cause of dorsal midbrain syndrome
Pineal tumor
146
Paralysis of upward gaze
Pupillary abnormalities
Non communicating hydrocephalus
Dorsal midbrain syndrome
147
Function of cerebellum
Fine tuning of skeletal muscle contralateral
| Planning
148
Cerebellar vermis function
Trunk and proximal muscle
149
Intermediate cerebellar
Distal muscle
150
Lateral cerebellum
Motor planning
151
Where does the information comes in and out
Cerebelar peduncle
152
Layers of cerebellum Cortex
Molecular
Purkinje
Granule
153
Climbing fibers
Error detectors
154
Mossy fibers
Stimulates granule cells that stimulates purkinje cells
155
Deep cerebelar nuclei (4)
Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate
156
Tremor in movement and absent at rest
Cerebellar lesion
157
```
Ipsilateral intention tremor
Dysmetria
Dysdiachokinesia
Scanning dysarthria
Gaze dysfunction
Supresa muscle stretch reflex
```
Hemisphere cerebellar lesion
158
Can’t do the finger-to-nose test
Hemisphere cerebellar lesion
159
Gait balance
| Difficult to maintain posture
Lesion in vermis region
160
Basal ganglia function
Iniciate skeletal muscle contraction
161
Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus and putâmen
Globus pallidus
Substancia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus
162
Direct pathway of basal ganglia
Drives motor cortex
Promotes movement
Enhanced by DOPA
163
Indirect pathway of basal ganglia
Inhibits motor cortex
Suppress unwanted movement
Enhanced by Ach
164
Tremor at rest
Basal ganglia disease
165
Loss of dopa in substancia nigra
Direct pathway
Lewy bodies
Parkinson
166
Pill rolling
Shuffling gait
Masked face
Parkinson
167
Degeneration of GABA in the indirect pathway
| Autosomal dominant
Huntington disease
168
Can’t suppress involuntary movement
| Chorea
Huntington
169
Autosomal recessive
| Defect in copper transport
Wilson disease
170
Pathognomonic of Wilson disease
Kayser-Flesher ring
171
Parkinsonian or Chorea
| Wing beating tremor
Wilson disease
172
Wild, flinging movements of limbs
Hemiballism
173
Unilateral
Indirect pathway
Hypertensive patients with lacunar stroke
Hemiballism
174
Tourette syndrome
Motor/ vocal tics
| Treatment with antipsychotic
175
Inhibits prolactin
Dopamine
176
Lesion in lateral hypothalamic
Starvation
177
Lesion in ventromedial
Hyperphagia, obesity
178
Lesion in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Diabetes insipid is
179
Blue sclera
Osteogenesis imperfeita
180
Age related macular degeneration
Central Scotomas
181
Open angle glaucoma
Drainage problem in the canal of Schlem
| Peripheral visual loss
182
Pretectal lesion
Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
| Convergence is intact
183
Lesion in pretectal area
| Pineal tumor, neurosyphylis, diabetes
Argyll Robertson pupil
184
Pupils don’t constrict to light response bilateral
Argyll Robertson pupil
185
Optic nerve lesion
Seen in multiple sclerosis
Diagnostic by swinging flashlight
Relative afferent pupil (Marcus Gunn)
186
Transtentorial herniation
Lesion CN III
| fixed and dilated pupil
187
Ciliary ganglia lesion
| Unilateral
Adil pupil
188
Visual defect
| Small pituitary adenoma
Heteronyms superior quadrantopsia
189
Visual defect
| Big pituitary adenoma
Bitemporal heteronyms hemianopsia
190
Visual defect
| Acromegaly
Bitemporal heteronyms hemianopsia
191
Visual defect
| Meyers loop lesion
Contralateral homonyms superior quadrandopia
192
Visual defect
| Temporal lobe tumor
Contralateral homonyms superior quadrantopia
193
Visual defect
| Posterior cerebral artery
Contralateral homonyms hemianopsia with macular sparring
194
Most common place for an aneurysm
Anterior communicating artery
195
Broca’s area
Motor speech
196
Wernickes area
| Angular gyrus
Language comprehension
197
Lesion in left frontal lobe
Motor, non fluent, expressive aphasia
198
Can’t speak full sentence
| Patient is aware and frustrated
Expressive/motor aphasia
199
Right frontal lobe lesion
Can’t add emotional tone
200
Lesion in left temporal lobe
Fluent, receptive, sensory aphasia
201
Can’t understand what is said
May/maynnot be able to read
Misusing words
Unaware of their defect
Receptive/fluent/sensory aphasia
202
Receptive aphasia artery lesion
Middle cerebral artery
203
Lesion in left parietal lobe
Gerstmann syndrome (angular gyrus)
204
Can’t understand what is written (alexia)
Finger agnosia
Right-to-left disorientation
Acalculia
Gerstmann syndrome
205
Lesion of arcuate fasciculus
Conduction aphasia
206
Can’t count backwards 10-1
Can’t repeat words
Aware and frustrated
Conduction aphasia
207
Right parietal lobe lesion
Asomatognosia
208
Asomatognosia
Unilateral neglect (unaware of left side of the body)
209
What connects both hemispheres
Corpus callouses
210
Lesion of corpus callosus Artery
Anterior cerebral Artery
211
Can’t move by command the left arm
Transcortical apraxia
| Lesion in corpus callosum
212
What region of internal capsule is highly susceptible in lacunar stroke
Genu and posterior limb
213
Genu lesion
Contralateral lower face (corticobulbar axons)
214
Posterior limb lesion
(Corticospinal fibers)
Complete contralateral upper and lower limb spastic weakness
(Thalamic fibers)
Complete face and contralateral body anesthesia
215
Lesion in anterior cerebral artery
Contralateral spastic paralysis and anesthesia of lower limb
216
Cause of kluver-bercy syndrome
Bilateral watershed strokes
217
```
Anterograde amnesia
Placidity
Hypersexuality
Psychic blindness
Increases oral exploratory behavior
Hypermetamorphosis
```
Kluver-Bercy syndrome
218
Jaw weakness
| Loss of facial sensation
Trigeminal lesion at pons
219
Weakness of vertical gaze
Argyll Robertson pupil
Increased intracranial pressure
Parinaud syndrome
220
Motor deficits in vascular problem in primary motor cortex
Contralateral lower limb
221
Aphasia
Neglect
Contralateral hemiparesis
Homonymous hemianopsia
Middle cerebral artery stroke
