Physiology Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Glucose transport for fat, skeletal muscle
A
GLUT 4
2
Q
In osmosis the water goes…
A
Higher to lower concentration
3
Q
The water diffuses
A
Towards the higher osmolarity
4
Q
Content of Basic metabolic panel
A
Sodium Potassium Chloride Bicarbonate BUN Creatinin Glucose
5
Q
Osmolar gap
A
Difference between measured and estimated osmolarity
6
Q
Estimated osmolarity equation
A
2Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8
7
Q
Normal range osmolarity
A
290
8
Q
Causes of increased osmolar gap
A
Ethanol, methanol, mannitol
9
Q
Hormones in volume regulation
A
Aldosterone
ADH
10
Q
Renin regulating factors
A
Perfusion pressure to kidney
Sympathetic stimulation to kidney
Sodium delivery to the macula densa
11
Q
Aldosterone regulating factors
A
Angiotensin II
Plasma potassium
12
Q
Aldosterone function
A
Sodium retention
13
Q
ADH regulating factors
A
Plasma osmolarity
Blood volume/pressure
14
Q
ADH function
A
Water retention
15
Q
First sign of cardiogenic pulmonary edema
A
Orthopnea
16
Q
Signs of non cardiogenic pulmonary edema
A
Severe dyspnea of rapid inset, hypoxemia, respiratory failure
17
Q
NMDA is important for
A
Memory and transducing
18
Q
Blocks NMDA channel
A
PCP
Ketamine
19
Q
Depolarization
A
Membrane potential moves toward 0
20
Q
Hyperpolarization
A
Membrane potential becomes more negative
21
Q
Hyperkalemia
A
Depolarizers
22
Q
Hypokalemia
A
Hyperpolarizes
23
Q
Blocks Na/K ATPase
A
Digoxin
24
Q
Blocks fast sodium channel
A
Extracelular Calcium
Lidocaine
Tedrotoxin/ batrachrotoxin
25
Low extracelular calcium
Hyperexcitable
26
High extracelular calcium
Hypoexcitable
27
Key ion in action potential
K
28
Blocks K channels cause
Delay repolarization
29
Who blocks K channels
4 aminopyridine
| 3,4 diaminopyridine
30
Absolute refractory period
Second potential can’t be produced
31
Relative refractory period
Second AP can be produced if a strong enough stimulus is provided
32
Primary factors of conduction velocity
Cell diameter
| Myelination
33
If block Acetylcholinesterase
Sustained depolarization
34
Non depolarizing nicotinic blockers
Rocuronium
| Atracuronium
35
Depolarizing nicotinic blocker
Succinylcholine
36
Autonomic ganglia nicotinic blockers
Hexamethonium
| Mecamylomine
37
Muscarinic antagonist
Atropine
| Scopolamine
38
Muscarinic agonist
Bethanechol
| Pilocarpine
39
Excitatory receptors
Nicotinic
Non NMDA
NMDA
40
Inhibitory receptors
GABA
| Glycine
41
Who interacts with GABA
Benzodiazepine
| Barbiturates
42
Where glycine receptors are found
Spinal cords
43
Who blocks glycine receptors
Tetanus toxin
44
```
Weakness
Ataxia
Hyporreflexia
Paralysis
Sensory deficits
```
Hypo excitability
45
Lambert-Eaton
pre synaptic Ca block (antibody)
46
Lambert-Eaton treatment
3,4diaminopyridine
47
```
Hyperreflexia
Spasms
Fasciculations
Tetany
Tremors
Paresthesias
Convulsions
```
Hyper excitability
48
Organophosphates
Blocks AchE
49
EKG alteration in delay depolarization
Long QT
50
QRS phase
0
51
Phase 0
Opens fast Na
52
Class I anti arrythmics
1A: quinidine, procainamine
1B: lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide
1C: flecainide
53
Phase 1
Inactivation sodium channel
54
ST segment phase
2
55
T wave phase
3
56
Blocks fast Na channels
Class I anti arrythmics
57
Phase 2
Opens Ca channel
58
Phase 3
Repolarization
| Ca channels close
59
Class III anti arrythmics
Amiodarone
| Sotalol
60
Class III anti arrythmics interfere in which phase
3
61
Phase 4
Rest
| Ik1 opens
62
Delays in repolarization causes
Torsades de pointes
63
Class II anti arrythmics
Propanolol
| Esmolol
64
Class IV anti arrythmics
Verapamil
| Diltiazem
65
Sympathetic effects
Increase cAMP
| Open Ca channels
66
Parasympathetic effects
Decrease cAMP
| Opens K channels
67
P wave
Atrial depolarization
68
PR segment
AV node delay
69
QRS
Ventricular depolarization
70
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
71
Each small box in EKG
0,04 s
| 0,5 mV
72
Each big box in EKG
0,2s
73
EKG
1. Rhythm
2. Heart rate
3. Quantitate PR interval
4. Mean electrical axis (MEA)
74
Left axis deviation
Enlargement of left ventricle
75
Right axis deviation
Enlargement of right ventricle (pulmonary stenosis)
76
Enlargement of PR interval
First degree heart block
77
Progressive prolongation of PR until ventricular beat is missed
Mobitz I
| Wenkbach
78
Unsteady rhythm
| PR interval fixed
Mobitz II
79
Steady rhythm
Show heart rate
Complete dissociation between P wave and QRS
Third degree heart block
80
Steady rhythm
| Saw tooth
Atrial flutter
81
Unsteady rhythm
| No P wave
Atrial fibrillation
82
Short PR interval
Delta wave
83
Delta wave
Wolf parkinson white
84
Normal PR interval
3-5 boxes
| 0,12-0,2s
85
ST elevation
Transmural infarction
| Prinzmetal angina
86
ST depression
Subendocardial ischemia
| Classic angina
87
Hyperkalemia in EKG
spike T waves
| Short QT
88
Hypokalemia EKG
```
U wave (after T wave)
Long QT
```
89
Covers binding sites of sarcomere
Tropomyosin
90
Binding site for myosin
Actin
91
McArdle (type V)
Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme deficiency
| Can’t generated sufficient ATP
92
ATPase that pumps Ca from cytosol to SR
SERCA
93
What can cause malignant hyperthermia
Succinylcholine
| Halothane
94
What is malignat hyperthermia
Genetic disorder in ryanodine
95
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia
Dantrolene
96
Motor unit
Alfa motor neuron + fibers innervated
97
Dysfunction in titin can lead to
Cardiomyopathy
98
Skeletal preload
Load before contraction
99
Skeletal preload generates
Passive tension
100
More force than after load
Isotonic contraction
101
Unable to generates more force than afterload
Isometric contraction
102
Passive tension is produced by
Preload
103
Where we find white muscle
Ocular, leg muscle of sprinter
104
Where we find red muscle
Postural
105
Red muscle is good at
Endurance
106
How to stop a contraction
Block
- AP in motor neuron
- transmitter release
- nicotinic receptor
- Ca efflux from SR
107
Increase heart contractility
NE/E
Beta 1 agonist (dobutamine, isoproterenol
Inotrops (digoxin)
108
Normal ejection fraction
> 55%
109
What increase afterload
Hypertension
Systemic vascular resistance
Aortic stenosis
110
What decrease the preload
Hemorrhage, dehydration, nitroglicerin, standing upright p
111
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
```
Idiopathic
Alcohol
Cocaine
Chagas
Wet Beriberi
Pregnancy
```
112
Causes of restricted cardiomyopathy
```
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Hemochromatosis
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Hypereosinophilic disease
```
113
What can cause sudden death in young athletes
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
114
Which drugs cause vasoconstriction
Alfa 1 agonists
NE releasers
Reuptake inhibitors
115
Alfa 1 agonists
Phenylephrine
| Methoxamine
116
NE releasers
Tyramine
Amphetamines
Ephedrine
117
Reuptake inhibitors
Cocaine
| Tricyclic antidepressives
118
Which drugs cause vasodilatation
```
NO
Alfa blockers
Alfa 1 blockers
Ca blockers
K channels
```
119
NO
Hydralazine
| Nitroprusside
120
Alfa blockers
Phentolamine
| Phenoxybenzamine
121
Alfa 1 blockers
Prazosin
| Terazosin
122
Ca blockers
Nifedipine
Nicardipine
Amlodipine
123
K channel blockers
Minoxidil
| Diazoxide
124
4 factors that determine cardiac output
Heart rate
Contractility
afterload
Preload
125
Where are the temperature sensors
Anterior hypothalamus
126
4 phases of cardiac cycle
Isovolumetric contraction
Ejection
Isovolumetric relaxation
Filling
127
Dicrotic notch
Closure of the aortic valve
128
S1
Closing of AV valves
129
S2
Closing of aortic pulmonic valves
