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Uni Year 1 > Neuroscience > Flashcards

Neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Aspects to consider resting membrane potential

A
  1. Chemical Gradient & Electrical Force

2. Membrane Permeability

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2
Q

Nernst Equation tells us…

A

The equilibrium potential for an ion

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3
Q

Ionic Driving Force

A

Net force due to imbalance in electrical and chemical effects
Em - Eion

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4
Q

Goldman Equation tells us…

A

Membrane Permeability
At rest Pk = 40 x PNa
Therefore Em = -65mV

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5
Q

At -65mV…

A

Na influx due to chemical gradient and electrical force whereas K influx due to electrical force but greater chemical gradient leads to K efflux

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6
Q

Na = K ??

Driving force and permeability

A

Na Influx = K efflux
Driving Force: Large | Small
Permeability: Small | Large

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7
Q

Maintenance of Gradient

A

Na/K ATPase
3 Na out & 2 K in
Operates over long periods of time to maintain concentration

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8
Q

Depolarisation

A

Initial stimulus –> Voltage gated Na channels open
Na influx causes depolarisation (if threshold reached)
Em approaches ENa

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9
Q

Repolarisation

A

Na channels inactivated
Voltage gated K channels open
K efflux

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10
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Em returns to -65mV
K channels still open, extra K efflux leads to hyperpolarisation.
Voltage gated K channels close and Em returns to resting value via leak channels

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11
Q

Refractory Periods

A

Absolute- No AP produced by any stimulus
Relative- Need strong stimulus to overcome threshold
Prevent AP travelling backwards i.e constant contractions

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12
Q

Conductance of ions

A

Conductance = g
Membrane as electrical resistor = R
g = 1/R & g ∝ no. open channels
Change in g for 1 ion = change in Em

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13
Q

Unipolar Cell

A

0———’,’,’,

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14
Q

Bipolar Cell

A

’,’,’,’,’—–0——-‘,’,’,’,’,’

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15
Q

Multipolar Cell

A

‘,Ó——-‘,’,’,’,’,’

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16
Q

Pseudo Unipolar Cell

A

’,’,’,’—-Ī—–’,’,’,’,’

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17
Q

Steps of Action Potential

A
  1. Action potential invades nerve terminal
  2. Depolarisation triggers opening of Ca channels - Ca influx
  3. Neurotransmitter released via exocytosis
  4. Diffusion across synapse binds to receptor
  5. Post synaptic effect
  6. Rapid termination of signal by re-uptake of neurotransmitter
  7. Rapid termination of signal by enzymatic breakdown
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18
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate

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19
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Gamma

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20
Q

Ionotropic Receptor

A

Ligand gated channels

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21
Q

Metabotropic Receptor

A

G protein coupled receptors

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22
Q

Excitatory Ionotropic Receptor

A

Na influx –> depolarisation

EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential)

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23
Q

Inhibitory Ionotropic Receptor

A

Cl influx –> hyperpolarisation

IPSP (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential)

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24
Q

Difference between Schwann cells and Oligodendrocyte

A

Schwann Cells - myelin forming cells in PNS - one cell myelinates one axon
Oligodendrocytes - myelin forming cells in CNS - one cell can myelinate multiple axons

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25
Possibility of Axon Regeneration PNS vs CNS
Regeneration possible in PNS- Schwann cell & endometrial tube surrounding axon encourage growth Regeneration not possible in CNS- No endometrial tube, actively prevented by signalling in CNS
26
Astrocytes Function
Homeostatic Mechanisms- prevents accumulation of K from neutron firing Controlling the synapse- prevents diffusion outside synapse Protecting the synapse-prevents entry from outside synapse and protects synapse from ECF
27
Astrocyte responding to insult
Damaged cells release ATP & glutamate causing astrocyte hypertrophy & proliferation = reactive astrogliosis Forms glial scars around injured CNS and produce inhibitory molecules that inhibit growth of damaged/ severed axons
28
Neurovascular coupling with astrocytes
Take up glucose from blood, convert to lactate and export to neurone
29
Microglia
'Immune cells of the brain'
30
End Plate Potential
Initiates an Action potential in muscle by ACh binding to nicotinic receptors EPP decays as it moves away from the end plate Em of muscle = -90mV EPP = -20mV
31
Properties of End Plate Potential
Generated by ligand gated channels Very large- many ACh vesicles released Threshold for AP generation is easily reached High density of Nicotinic ACh receptors and voltage gated Na Channels
32
Salt Detection
Na entry through non gated Na channels
33
Sour Detection
H ions --> TRP entry/ Blok K channels
34
Sweet Detection
T1R2 | T1R3
35
Umami Detection
T1R1 | T1R3
36
Bitter Detection
T2R | T2R
37
Cranial nerves 7,9,10
Innervate the tongue and come together in brainstem and into the gustatory cortex
38
Central Olfactory Pathways
Olfactory Neurones, Olfactory Bulb, Olfactory Cortex | Recognition and Association
39
What are the steps leading to vibrations reaching the cochlea
1. Vibrations hit eardrum 2. Eardrum vibrates 3. Ossicular chain is set in motion (Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup) 4. Vibrations into inner ear (cochlea)
40
Important Cochlea Facts
Spiral tube filled with fluid - endolymph Lined with Hair Cells Lower region - responsible for high frequency sounds Apex - responsible for low frequency sounds
41
Cochlea Hair Cells Importance
Stereocillium and top link are attached to an ion channel When the stereocillium bend the top link opens ion channel Endolymph is filled with K ions K ions move down conc gradient through channel Depolarises Membrane
42
Auditory Pathway
Cranial nerve 8, Medulla Oblongata, Cochlear Nuclei
43
Ossicles in middle ear important for...
Sound amplification
44
Middle ear communicates with nasal canal through...
Eustachian tube
45
Role of little muscles in middle ear...
Provide attenuation reflex
46
Attenuation reflex...
Protects against load sounds
47
Sound intensity will...
Affect the number of hair cells firing and the firing rate of the hair cells
48
Tonotopy is..
spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain and contributes to our ability to discriminate between different frequencies
49
Otosclerosis is...
The deposit of a new bone that prevents footplate of the stapes from moving leading to conduction deafness
50
Ototoxic antibiotic example
Kanamycin
51
Vitreous Humour vs Aqueous Humour
1. Viscous Jelly | 2. Watery Substance
52
Glaucoma
Increased pressure due to decreased removal of aqueous humour Severe if Iris adheres to cornea More common if sclerosis of veins
53
Glaucoma treatment
Surgery β blocker = decrease Aqueous humour production Prostaglandin Analogues = Dilate blood vessels --> Increase blood drainage
54
Structure of Retina
Cells connect via chemical synapses Ganglion cells generate Action Potentials Blind Spot where optic nerve leaves eye Increased proportion of cones closer to fovea
55
Peripheral Retina
High Sensitivity to light - Rods Many rods connect to 1 ganglion Low visual acuity
56
Fovea
Low sensitivity to light - Cones 1 cone : 1 Rod High Visual Acuity
57
Photoreceptors:
Detect Light | Rods and Cones
58
Rods
1 (Rhodopsin) Intracellular disks - high density, large SA V. Sensitive
59
Cones
3 different opsin (Red, Blue, Green) Fewer foldings of surface membrane, low SA Colour vision- daytime
60
Activity of Rods in Dark
Cyclic GMP gated cation channels open Na Influx --> Depolaristaion Em = -30mV Depolarisation = Glutamate Release
61
Light Exposure
Retina absorbs light Conformational change II-cis --> all-trans Opsin activated GTP binds to G protein (transducin) G protein activates PDE PDE breaks down cyclic GMP Channel closure = hyperpolarisation (decreased glutamate release)
62
Difference of effects if affect Optic Nerve Optic Tract Optic Chiasm
Blind Blind in one eye Lose binocular vision
63
When bipolar cells are ON
Depolarised by light Dark = glutamate = hyperpolarisation Light = decrease glutamate = depolarisation
64
When bipolar cells are OFF
Hyperpolarised by light | Dark = glutamate = depolarisation
65
Sweat Glands | Sym or ParaSym innervation
Sympathetic
66
Heart | Effect of 1. Sym and 2. ParaSym
1. Increased Heart Rate | 2. Decreased Heart Rate
67
GIT stomach | Effect of 1. Sym and 2. ParaSym
1. Decreased Motility | 2. Increased Motility
68
Pupil | Effect of 1. Sym and 2. ParaSym
1. Pupil Dilation- contraction of radial muscle | 2. Pupil Constriction- contraction of circular muscle
69
Blood Vessels
Only Sym innervation Increase Sym --> Vasoconstriction Decrease Sym --> Vasodilation
70
Myenteric Plexus
``` Only lines stomach & intestines Innervates longitudinal and circular muscle Motor reflex i.e peristalsis Increases excitatory = constrict Decrease excitatory = relax ```
71
Submucosal Plexus
Full length of GIT- extensively interconnected Secretory Reflex Food --> Increased Secretion
72
Diseases associated with the enteric nervous system
Hirschprungs Disease IBS Chagas Disease

Uni Year 1 (6 decks)

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