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PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour > Neuroscience methods 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience methods 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a T1 image

A

An image of brain anatomy.

Resolved from an MRI when hydrogen protons return to normal magnetism

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2
Q

What is DTI used for

A

Mapping white matter & brain connectivity

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3
Q

What is fMRI used for

A

Mapping brain activation

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4
Q

What is MRS used for

A

Mapping metabloic activity

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5
Q

How does TMS work?

A

A coil induces a magnetic field that induces an electrical field in the brain and causes ells to fire

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6
Q

What is TMS

A

Trans-magnetic stimulation.

A non-invasive method of stimulating cortical tissues by administration of a brief magnetic pulse to the scalp

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7
Q

What is BOLD

A

Blood Oxygen level dependence.

A measure of ration of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

What is a T2 image

A

An image of connectivity through the fluid (CSF) in the brain resolved when the hydrogen protons relax their spinning

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9
Q

Does EEG have better spatial or temporal resolution

A

Temporal

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10
Q

Does fMRI have better spatial or temporal resolution

A

Spatial

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11
Q

What connections does fMRI measure

A

functional connections between brain regions

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12
Q

What connections does DTI measure

A

Structural connections between brain regions

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13
Q

What is temporal resolution

A

The time course of various neural events

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14
Q

What is spatial resolution

A

Ability to discern elementary units of activated brain networks

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15
Q

Who should not use TMS

A
  • People with a history of seizures
  • People with metal in the head
  • People with history of serious head injury
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16
Q

Explain the trade-off in network connectivity in the brain

A

Regular networks have low metabolic cost but low efficiency

Random networks have high metabolic cost but high high efficiency

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17
Q

What is spatial normalisation

A

Averaging out individual differences in brain structure

18
Q

What is a limitation of voxel-based morphology

A

Limited to locating abnormalities. Can not explain them (e.g. neurons or synapse loss)

19
Q

Are tracts in DTI axons?

A

No, they are estimates of the trajectory of a fiber pathway

20
Q

What are explanations for variation in tract diffusion in DTI?

A
  • altered fibre integrity/myelin
  • altered organisation
  • noise
21
Q

What is a limitation of DTI

A
  • not a direct physiological meaningful measure of connectivity
  • cannot distinguish efferent/afferent connection
22
Q

What does DTI measure

A

Water diffusion in the brain

- anisotropic diffusion along axons

23
Q

What is radial diffusivity?

A

Less diffusion - an index of myelin integriy

24
Q

What is axial diffusivity?

A

Breakdown of fibre organisation

25
Q

What are the limitations of fMRI?

A
  • BOLD response may reflect neuronal exhitation/inhibition or a combination
  • BOLD response is much slower than neuronal activity
26
Q

What is does fMRI measure

A

The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood

27
Q

What is a block design?

A

Trial with a condition are presented together

28
Q

What is a event-related design?

A

Randomised presentation of trials

29
Q

Which has higher power: block or event-related design

A

Block

30
Q

What have animal studies revealed about the BOLD measure

A

It is correlated with input into a brain region (local field potential) not output (multi unit activity)

31
Q

What does resting state fMRI measure

A

Brain activity in the absence of a task

32
Q

How much energy consumption is from base activity in the brain?

A

80%

33
Q

How long does it take for the brain to return to baseline after task

A

Up to 15 minutes

34
Q

What is a connectome

A

A comprehensive map of neural connections

35
Q

What is graph theory

A

A mathmatical field that looks at how networks interact with each other

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved with TMS measurement of cortical inhibition

A

GABA

37
Q

In TMS, what frequency is used to create a virtual lesion

A

1Hz

38
Q

In TMS, what frequency is used to enhance brain activity

A

5Hz or greater

39
Q

What is the therapeutic application of TMS to schizophrenia

A

An inhibitory pulse is used to treat auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia

40
Q

What is the therapeutic application of TMS to depression

A

An excitation pulse is used for treatment resistant depression

PSY4170 - Neuroscience of Cognition and Behaviour (8 decks)

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