Neuroscience Midterm Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Free nerve endings
A
respond to painful stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement, or proprioception
2
Q
The surface anatomy of the brain includes?
A
Hemispheres, cerebellum, brain stem
3
Q
What do merkel’s disk detect?
A
detect light touch and superficial pressure
4
Q
-What do hair follicle receptors detect?
A
Light touch, bending of hair
5
Q
-Pacinian corpuscle detects?
A
Deep pressure Vibration Proprioception
6
Q
Meissner’s corpuscles detect?
A
Touch that involves 2 point discrimination
7
Q
Ruffini’s end organ detects:
A
Continuous touch or pressure
8
Q
Free nerve endings detect?
A
Respond to pain stimuli, temperature, itch, joint movement or proprioception ex. Cold receptors and warm
9
Q
What is Somatic:
A
Touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, pain
10
Q
Name the Special senses:
A
Smell, taste, sight, hearing, balance
11
Q
Define Sensation or perception:
A
Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors.
12
Q
Define Senses:
A
Means by which brain receives information about environment and body
13
Q
Define Mechanoreceptors
A
Compression, bending, stretching of cells
14
Q
Define Chemoreceptors
A
Smell and taste
15
Q
Defne Thermoreceptors
A
Temperature
16
Q
Define Photoreceptors
A
Light as vision
17
Q
Define Nociceptors
A
Pain
18
Q
Define Exteroreceptors
A
Associated with skin
19
Q
Define Visceroreceptors
A
Associated with organs
20
Q
Define Proprioceptors
A
Associated with joints, tendons
21
Q
Muscle spindle:
A
sensory receptors within the muscle belly detects proprioception on muscle stretch and control of muscle tone
22
Q
Golgi tendon organ
A
senses changes in contraction and tendon stretch proprioception
23
Q
2 point discrimination for : tongue finger back
A
2mm 4mm 64MM
24
Q
Define Accommodation or adaptation
A
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus
25
Define Tonic Proprioceptors
Tonic: Example is know where little finger is without looking
26
Define Phasic Proprioceptors
Phasic: Example is you know where hand is as it moves
27
Define secondary receptors
Secondary: Have no axons and receptor potentials produced do not result in action potentials but cause release of neurotransmitters
28
SENSORY NERVE TRACTS (ASCENDING PATHWAYS)
Transmit action potentials from periphery to brain
29
Cerebrum does what?
-Conscious thought, intellectual functions -Memory storage and processing -Voluntary and involuntary control of skeletal muscle contractions
30
Name the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Sub thalamus Pineal Glad
31
Thalamus does what?
Relay and processing centers for sensory and motor information
32
Hypothalamus does what?
Centers of emotional control, autonomic function, and hormone production
33
Mesencephalon does what?
-Processing visual and auditory data -Generation of Reflexive somatic motor responses -Maintains consciousness
34
Pons does what?
-Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus -Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers -Controls respiration
35
Medulla Oblongata does what?
-Relays sensory info to the thalamus and other portions of the brain stem -Autonomic center for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
36
Cerebellum does what?
-Complex somatic motor patterns -Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord -Controls equilibrium and balance
37
What does the telencephalon contain?
Telencephalon (cerebrum) – cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei
38
What is part of the diencephalon?
Diencephalon – thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus, subthalamus
39
what is the mesencephalon?
midbrain (brain stem)
40
Metencephalon becomes?
pons (brain stem), cerebellum
41
Myelencephalon becomes?
medulla oblongata aka (brain stem)
42
What is the spinal cord surrounded by? How is this different from white matter?
the central cavity is surrounded by gray matter core, then white matter that has myelinated fiber tracts
43
How is the brain similar to the spinal cord?
similar but surrounded with additional areas of gray matter
44
What does the gray matter of the cerebellum have?
gray matter in the nuclei
45
What does the cortex of the cerebrum have?
Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex
46
Name the parts of the CNS
spinal cord brain
47
Name the parts of the PNS
spinal nerves cranial nerves
48
Dorsal is?
superior/posterior
49
Ventral is?
inferior/anterior
50
Describe the motor/efferent division of the PNS
Efferent/motor division: -Has motor nerve fibers -conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (glands and muscles
51
Describe the sensory/afferent division of the PNS
-Has somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers -conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
52
Autonomic nervous system (part of motor/efferent division)
-involuntary (visceral motor) -impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
53
Sympathetic division of the ANS
moves body during emergencies
54
Parasympathetic division of the ANS
conserves energy promotes non emergency functions
55
Somatic NS
voluntary (somatic motor) CNS to skeletal muscles
56
Astrocytes (CNS)
Maintains blood-brain barrier Provides structural support Regulates Ions Dissolved gas concentrations Absorbs and cycles neurotransmitters Forms scar tissue after injury
57
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
-Myelinate CNS axons -provides structural support
58
Microglia (CNS)
Removes cell debris, wastes, pathogens, phagocytosis
59
Ependymal cells (CNS)
Line brain ventricles, and central canal (spinal cavity) Produces, circulates, monitors cerebrospinal fluid
60
Satellite cells (PNS)
surrounds neuron cell bodies in ganglia
61
Schwann cells (PNS)
surrounds all axons in the PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons takes part in repair process after injury
62
What is the dura mater consists of?
consists of an outer (endosteal layer) and an inner (meningeal layer) -In between the layers find the dural sinus
63
What is the layer after the dura mater?
arachnoid mater- membrane covers the surface of the brain, have a subarachnoid space
64
After the arachnoid what is the layer that follows?
Pia mater is anchored to the brain by astrocytes, wraps brain tightly like saran wrap
65
Subarchnoid space is located?
-between arachnoid and pia mater -contains collagen/elastin fiber network that’s “spiderweb-like” (arachnoid trabeculae) -filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF
66
What does the pineal gland secrete?
melatonin
67
\* Place the following terms in correct order; Integration, Motor Output, Sensory input:
Sensory Input-\>Integration-\>Motor Output
68
\* Every Neuron has how many axons?
1
69
\* Process of transmitting nerve impulses from one structure to another?
synapse
70
The subdural and subarachanoid space are frequent sites of?
Subdural, subarachanoid spaces are frequent sites of intracranial bleeding
71
Define Subdural space.
between arachnoid and dura mater
72
Define nucleus
collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
73
Define tract
collection of axons in the CNS
74
Define ganglia
collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
75
Define nerve and types
collection of axons in the PNS Cranial nerves Spinal nerves
76
Function of the brain stem?
Processes information between spinal cord and cerebrum or cerebellum
77
What does the brain stem control?
Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
78
How many nerves is the brain stem associated with?
Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
79
Brain stem includes
Includes: mesencephalon (midbrain) pons medulla oblongata
80
Where are the most cranial nerves located?
brain stem
81
What does the medulla do?
-connects brain to spinal cord -relays information -Regulates autonomic functions: regulates arousal, heart rate, blood pressure, pace for respiration and digestion -Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII come off or go into
82
Where is the medulla located?
most inferior part of the brain
83
What are the pyramids of the medulla?
Pyramids – two longitudinal ridges formed by corticospinal tracts
84
What does the Cardiovascular control center of the medulla nuclei do?
adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
85
What does the Respiratory centers of the medulla nuclei do?
control rate and depth of breathing
86
What does the additional centers of the medulla nuclei do?
regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing
87
What does the PONS do?
-Involved in somatic and visceral motor control -Control of respiration that modifies the info from the medulla
88
What does the PONS contain?
-Contains the nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII -Contains nuclei of the reticular formation
89
What passes through the PONS?
Nuclei and tracts passing through to the cerebellum (motor and somatosensory info)
90
Other name for the cerebellum?
little brain
91
What does the cerebellum do (8)?
-Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction to coordinate repetitive body movements and help learning complex motor behaviors -Adjusts the postural muscles of the body, controls balance and equilibrium -Recognizes and predicts sequences of events -Cerebellar activity occurs subconsciously (as does all processing that occurs outside the cerebral cortex) -Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction -Monitors all proprioceptive info and visual info about body position -Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to perform a movement -Programs and fine tunes movements by detecting mismatches in intended and actual movements
92
What is cerebellum activity high and low. Example when riding a bike.
When learning to ride a bike, throw a curve ball or tie your shoe, cerebellum activity is high. When they become automatic, cerebellum is no longer involved
93
Another name for the mesencephalon?
midbrain
94
What does the mesencephalon do?
-Processes sight, sound, and associated reflexes -Maintains consciousness
95
What are the two basic divisions of the mesencephalon?
2 basic divisions tectum (roof) tegmentum
96
What nerves are associated with the mesencephalon
Cranial nerev 3 and 4
97
What part of the mesencephalon maintains consciousness?
reticular formation
98
What is the process of visual and auditory sensations in the mesencephalon?
corpora quadrigemina (in tectum) = superior colliculi (visual reflex) and inferior colliculi (auditory reflex)
99
What happens to the Substantia nigra (in tegmentum) if damaged? What do neurons do here? What diseases is associated with the substantia nigra?
-Neurons inhibit activity of cerebral nuclei by releasing dopamine -If damaged, results in less dopamine released and muscle tone increases: muscle rigidity, -difficulty initiating movement = Parkinson’s Disease
100
Where is the diencephalon?
Located under the cerebrum and cerebellum
101
What does the diencephalon link?
Links cerebrum with brain stem
102
What cranial nerve is associated with the
Cranial nerve 2
103
What is the human brains neuron ratio?
10\*10 to 10\*11 neurons
104
Where is the ganglia located?
PNS
105
Change ins the environment is called the?
stimulus
106
Where does perception happen?
CNS
107
Place the following terms in correct order: Integration, Motor Output, Sensory input:
Sensory Input-\>Integration-\>Motor Output
108
Every neuron has how many axons?
one
109
\* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
axodendritic
110
\* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the axon of another.
axoaxonic
111
\* Referring to a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the cell body of another.
axosomatic
112
\* Can Neurons undergo mitosis?
NO
113
What is the captain of the autonomic nervous system, and what does it oversee?
hypothalamus homeostasis
114
Food intake (drives), Water balance/thirst, Day/night rhythms takes place in the?
hypothalamus
115
What endocrine functions occur in the hypothalamus?
ADH and oxytocin
116
Function of the pineal gland?
secretes melatonin
117
3 functions of the hypothalamus
hormone production emotion autonomic function
118
What does the thalamus do with sensory information?
relays and processes sensory information
119
All sensory that is projected to the cerebral cortex stops here first\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ except smell
thalamus
120
What does the thalamus sensory relay system relay information with?
Relays information between basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
121
What does the thalamus sensory relay system filter?
Filters ascending sensory information for primary sensory cortex
122
What does the thalamus mediate?
Mediates sensation, some motor activities, cortical arousal (learning, and memory)
123
Where is the hypothalamus located?
lies below the thalamus
124
What does the hypothalamus control?
The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, circadian cycles, blood pressure, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities
125
What is the function of the maxillary bodies in the hypothalamus do?
Mamillary bodies: -Relay station for olfactory information -control reflex eating movements
126
What is the pituitary gland?
Major endocrine gland, controls all others
127
What is the pituitary gland connected to?
Connected to hypothalamus via infundibulum (stalk)
128
What does the pituitary gland interface?
Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems because it is controlled by the hypothalamus
129
Name the two structures of the Telencephalon.
Basal nuclei Cerebrum
130
What is another name for basal nuclei
also called basal ganglia
131
What is the basal nuclei? What is its function?
-Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter.
132
The Corpus Striatum is composed of three parts name them:
Caudate nucleus Lentiform nucleus = putamen and the globus pallidus Fibers of internal capsule running between and through caudate and lentiform nuclei
133
Functions of Basal Nuclei
Are involved with: -Subconscious control of skeletal muscle tone -Regulate attention and cognition -Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements (walking, lifting) -Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary mov. -Subconscious habit learning -May store simple movement patterns -Directs subconscious activities
134
What is the largest part of the brain?
cerebrum (make up 83% of its mass)
