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PT3001: Introduction to Pharmacology > Neurotransmission & ANS Pharmacology I: Neurotransmission & Drug Targets in the ANS > Flashcards

Neurotransmission & ANS Pharmacology I: Neurotransmission & Drug Targets in the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

Where do Sympathetic nerves in the ANS originate?

A

Thoracic area of spine

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2
Q

Do Sympathetic nerves of the ANS have long or short PRE-GANGLIONIC neurons?

A

Short

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3
Q

Where do Parasympathetic nerves in the ANS originate?

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Lumbar / Sacral areas of spine
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4
Q

Do Parasympathetic nerves of the ANS have long or short PRE-GANGLIONIC neurons?

A

Long

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5
Q

Which of the ANS nerve type synapses directly into the wall of an organ or tissue?

A

Parasympathetic

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6
Q

What functions do the Parasympathetic nerves control?

A
  • Salivation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urination
  • Digestion
  • Defecation

SLUDD

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7
Q

Is the Parasympathetic system anabolic or catabolic?

A

Anabolic
* conserves and stores energy

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8
Q

What response is controlled by the Sympathetic nerves?

A

Fight or Flight

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9
Q

Is the Sympathetic system anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic
* mobilises energy, raises blood pressure, body temperature, dilate airways etc

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10
Q

What are the TWO main neurotransmitters in the ANS?

A
  1. ACh
  2. Noradrenaline
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11
Q

What is the general sequence of events for neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Storage Release
  3. Recognition
  4. Metabolism / Reuptake
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12
Q

What are the the steps in Cholinergic transmission?

A
  1. Choline (re)uptake
  2. ACh synthesis in cytosol
  3. ACh accumulation into synaptic vesicles
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13
Q

Which transport protein drives Choline (re)uptake in Cholinergic neurotransmission?

A

Na+ driven Symporter

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14
Q

Which enzyme synthesises ACh?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase

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15
Q

Which transport protein drives ACh into synaptic vesicles in Cholinergic neurotransmission?

A

H+ driven Antiporter

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16
Q

Where are nACh receptors located?

A
  • Autonomic ganglia
  • Adrenal medulla
  • Neuromuscular junction
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17
Q

Where are mACh receptors located?

A

Autonomic effector cells

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18
Q

What are the THREE subtypes of Muscarinic receptors?

A
  • M1 - neural
  • M2 - cardiac
  • M3 - glandular
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19
Q

What is the mechanism of nACh receptors?

A

Open cation channels that leads to membrane depolarisation

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20
Q

What type of transmission are nACh receptors involved in?

A
  • Neuromuscular
  • Ganglionic
21
Q

What is the mechanism of the M1 muscarinic receptor?

A
  • INCREASE in IP3 and DAG
  • Excitation
22
Q

What is the mechanism of the M2 muscarinic receptor?

A
  • DECREASE in cAMP
  • Inhibition
23
Q

What is the mechanism of the M3 muscarinic receptor?

A
  • INCREASE in IP3 and DAG
  • Excitation
24
Q

Where are Muscle Type Nicotinic receptors located?

A

Skeletal NMJ

25
Q

How do Muscle Type Nicotinic receptors work?

A

Membrane depolarisation via Na+ channel opening, leading to NMJ transmission

26
Q

Where are Neuronal Type Nicotinic receptors located?

A

Autonomic ganglia

27
Q

How do Neuronal Type Nicotinic receptors work?

A

Open fast Na+ channels, leading to ganglion transmission

28
Q

What are THREE Agonists of Muscle Type Nicotinic recptors?

A
  1. ACh
  2. Suxamethonium
  3. Decamethonium
29
Q

What are TWO Antagonists of Muscle Type Nicotinic recptors?

A
  1. Vecuronium
  2. Pancuronium
30
Q

What are THREE Agonists of Neuronal Type Nicotinic recptors?

A
  1. ACh
  2. Nicotine
  3. Epibatidine
31
Q

What are TWO Antagonists of Neuronal Type Nicotinic recptors?

A
  1. Trimetaphan
  2. Hexamethonium
32
Q

Which amino acid does Acetylcholine Esterase act on?

A

Serine

33
Q

What are the THREE hydrolysis products of Acetylcholine Esterase?

A
  1. Choline
  2. Acetic Acid
  3. Regenerated Enzyme
34
Q

What are the molecules transformed in the synthesis of Adrenaline?

A
  • Tyrosine
  • DOPA
  • Dopamine
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
35
Q

What enzyme converts Tyrosine to DOPA?

A

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

36
Q

What enzyme converts DOPA to Dopamine?

A

DOPA Decarboxylase

37
Q

What enzyme converts Dopamine to Noradrenaline?

A

Dopamine β-hydroxylase

38
Q

What enzyme converts Noradrenaline to Adrenaline?

A

Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

39
Q

Which drugs block the reuptake of of noradrenaline into presynaptic cells?

A
  • Cocaine
  • Tricyclic antidepressants
40
Q

Which Adrenoceptors act in the heart, intestine, and smooth muscle, and which secondary messenger do they modulate?

A
  • β1
  • INCREASE cAMP
41
Q

Which Adrenoceptors act in the bronchial, vascular, and uterine smooth muscles, and which secondary messenger do they modulate?

A
  • β2
  • INCREASE cAMP
42
Q

Which Adrenoceptors act in the postsynaptic cell, and which secondary messenger do they modulate?

A
  • α1
  • INCREASE IP3 / DAG
43
Q

Which Adrenoceptors act in the presynaptic cell, and which secondary messenger do they modulate?

A
  • α2
  • DECREASE cAMP
44
Q

How are Adrenoceptors activated (agonised)?

A

By noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine (catecholamines)

45
Q

What are the FOUR major effects mediated by the α1 Adrenoceptor?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Relaxation of GI smooth muscle
  3. Salivary secretion
  4. Hepatic glycogenolysis
46
Q

What are the FOUR major effects mediated by the α2 Adrenoceptor?

A
  1. Inhibition of transmitter release (NA & ACh)
  2. Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle contraction
  3. Inhibition of insulin release
  4. Inhibition of platelet aggregation
47
Q

What are the TWO major effects mediated by the β1 Adrenoceptor?

A
  1. Increased cardiac rate
  2. Increased force
48
Q

What are the FIVE major effects mediated by the β2 Adrenoceptor?

A
  1. Bronchodilation
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle
  4. Muscle tremor
  5. Hepatic glycogenolysis

PT3001: Introduction to Pharmacology (18 decks)

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