Neurotransmitter Systems - Karius 3/22

Question 1

What is the central location of NE?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

Answer 1

Pons/Brainstem

Wakefulness

Alpha and beta adrenergics

Tyrosine

Question 2

What is the central location of Epi?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

Answer 2

Brainstem

Wakefulness

Alpha and beta adrenergics

Tyrosine

Question 3

What is the central location of Serotonin?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

Answer 3

Brainstem (Raphe nucleus)

Mood, wakefulness

5HT6 - mood

Trp

Question 4

What is the central location of Histamine?

Fx?

Metabotropic receptors?

Made from what?

Answer 4

Hypothalamus

Waking

H1 and H2

Histidine

Question 5

What ionotropic receptors does serotonin have?

Responsible for what?

Answer 5

5HT3

Vomiting

Question 6

Where is Ach located?

Fx?

Answer 6

Pons, midbrain, striatum

Wakefulness, REM sleep, control voluntary motion

Question 7

Where is Ach stored?

How is it moved?

How is it degraded?

Answer 7

Clear vesicles

VAchT

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 8

What is M1 found in, what mechanism does it act through?

M2?

M3?

Answer 8

Neuronal, Gq

Cardiac, Gi

Smooth m. Of bronchi, vasculature, endothelial cells of vasculature, Gq

Question 9

What is M4 found in, what mechanism does it act through?

M5?

Answer 9

glands, Gi

INC IP3/DAG

Question 10

What kind of receptors does Ach bind to?

Where are they located?

What subunits?

Answer 10

Nicotinic

NMJ, autonomic ganglia, other parts of CNS

Alpha(1-9), beta(2-5), gamma(1), delta(1), epsilon(1)

Question 11

What are the Metabotropic receptors for Ach?

Ionotropic?

Answer 11

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

Question 12

Where is GABA located?

Fx?

Answer 12

Higher CNS - cerebellum, cortex, retina

Major inhibitory nt in higher CNS
Critical for consciousness and control voluntary motion

Question 13

How is GABA made?

How is degraded?

Answer 13

GAD, derived from glutamate

Reuptake
Catabolism by GABA-transaminase

Question 14

What kind of receptor is GABA(A)?

What else about it?

Answer 14

Ionotropic

Cl conductance

Question 15

What kind of receptors is GABA(B)?

Acts through what mechanism?

Answer 15

Metabotropic GPCR

Heterotrimeric Gqi(DEC IP3 and DEC Ca influx) and Gi

Question 16

What does benzodiazepine potentiate?

Answer 16

GABA (A)

Question 17

Where is glycine found?

Fx?

Answer 17

Spinal cord and Brainstem (lower CNS)

Spinal inhibition of reflexes

Question 18

Is the glycine receptor ionotropic or Metabotropic?
What mech?

What subunits and fxs do they have?

Answer 18

Ionotropic with Cl- going in

alpha-glycine binding
Beta-structural

Question 19

What can block the glycine receptor?

Answer 19

Strychnine

Question 20

What neurotransmitters are released from opioid family of peptides?

Answer 20

NEED
Nociceptin
Endorphins
Enkephalins
dynorphins

Question 21

Where are the opioid peptides located?

Fx?

Answer 21

Basal ganglia, hypothalamus, parabrachial nuclei, Raphe nuclei

Modify nociceptive inputs and modify mood

Question 22

What is proenkephalin a precursor molecule for?

What 2 forms?

Answer 22

Enkephalins

Met and Leu

Question 23

What is Pro-opomelanocortinin (POMC) a precursor molecule for?

Answer 23

Beta-endorphins

Question 24

What is prodynorphin a precursor molecule for?

Answer 24

3 molecules of Leu-enkephalins

Dynorphins (1-8 and 1-17)

Question 25

What is Orphanin FQ a precursor molecule for?

Answer 25

Nociceptin

Question 26

How are opioid peptides made? Destroyed?

Answer 26

DNA/RNA protein synthesis Enkephalinase A and B Aminopeptidase

Question 27

What do the mu receptors do?

Answer 27

``` Analgesia Respiratory depression Euphoria Sedation Constipation ``` CARES

Question 28

What do the kappa receptors do?

Answer 28

Analgesia Dysphoria Diuresis Miosis

Question 29

What do the delta receptors do?

Answer 29

Analgesia

Question 30

What do the opioid receptors inhibit? What kind are they?

Answer 30

Adenylyl cyclase Serpentine

Question 31

What indirect ion effects do mu receptors have? Kappa an Delta?

Answer 31

K+ effluent and hyperpolarize Decrease calcium

Question 32

What are the 2 endcocannabinoids?

Answer 32

Anandamide | 2-Arachidonylglycerol

Question 33

What makes up anandamide?

Answer 33

Arachidonic acid + ethanolamine

Question 34

What makes up 2-Arachidonylglycerol?

Answer 34

Arachidonic acid esterified into middle position of glycerol

Question 35

4 locations and associated functions of endocannabinoids?

Answer 35

Hippocampus - memory Basal ganglia - affect/motor Spinal cord - modulation of nociception Neocortex - neuroprotective

Question 36

CB-1 receptor is what kind of receptor? What does it do? Binds to what?

Answer 36

Gi of excitatory a.a. Or GABA Reduces nt release Both endocannabinoids

Question 37

Where is CB-2 receptor found? Fx?

Answer 37

Microglia in brain, immune system, and gut Anti-inflammatory and in brain causes macrophages to remove B-amyloid

Question 38

What is the central location of dopamine? Fx? Metabotropic receptors? Made from what?

Answer 38

Basal Ganglia and VTA Motor control, pleasure, consciousness D1, D2, D3 Tyrosine

Question 39

Do nts travel by slow or fast axon all transport? Mitochondria? Ion channels and receptors?

Answer 39

Fast Slow Slow

Question 40

What is the RLS in catecholamines nt synthesis?

Answer 40

tyrosine -> L-dopa | Tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 41

NE -> Epi with what enzyme?

Answer 41

PNMT

Question 42

What are the 4 major pathways in the brain that utilize dopamine as their nt? And functions

Answer 42

Substantia nigra dopaminergic - motor control (Parkinson's) Mesolimbic - pleasure/reward and addiction Mesocortical - consciousness, if fucked then schizophrenia Tuberinfundibular - supress prolactin release

Question 43

Where is NE stored? Fx?

Answer 43

Nucleus ceruleus Waking up

Question 44

What releases Epi?

Answer 44

Adrenal medulla

Question 45

What moves catecholamines into vesicles? Where are they found specifically?

Answer 45

VMAT1 - adrenal medulla VMAT2 - neuronal form

Question 46

What reduces the amount of mono amines that are packaged into vesicles? Tx for what?

Answer 46

Reserpine HTN

Question 47

What dopamine receptors activate the Gs pathway?

Answer 47

D1 and D5 -> D1 like

Question 48

What dopamine receptors activate the Gi pathway?

Answer 48

D2, D3, D4 -> D2-like

Question 49

What are the true D1 and D2 receptors innervated by? Involved in what?

Answer 49

Substantia nigra Normal control of motion

Question 50

D1 receptor activation fx? D2? D3?

Answer 50

Voluntary motion Inhibits motion Pleasure/reward

Question 51

What enzymes will destroy catecholamines in the synaptic cleft? What other mechanism of destruction?

Answer 51

MAO and COMT Reuptake

Question 52

What is the only ionotropic receptor of serotonin?

Answer 52

5-HT3

Question 53

What is the 5-HT1 receptor? 5-HT2?

Answer 53

Gi Gq

Question 54

What receptors are associated with vomiting? High affinity for anti-depressants? Control normal body weight and prevent seizures?

Answer 54

5-HT3 5-HT6 5-HT2c

Question 55

How is serotonin removed from the synaptic cleft?

Answer 55

MAO

Question 56

What are the types of histamine receptors? Which ones are found presynaptically?

Answer 56

H1, H2, H3 H3

Question 57

What receptors mediate the neuronal effects of histamine?

Answer 57

H1 and H2

Question 58

What degrades histamine?

Answer 58

Diamine oxidase