New cards in Social Psych

Question 1

Who proposed the broaden and build theory

Answer 1

Barbara Fredrickson

Question 2

What is the broaden and build theory?

Answer 2

The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions suggests that positive emotions broaden one’s awareness and encourage novel, varied, and exploratory thoughts and actions. Over time, this broadened behavioral repertoire builds skills and resources.

Question 3

Self-serving bias

Answer 3

Tendency to perceive oneself favourably

Question 4

Defensive pessimism

Answer 4

Combats unrealistic optimism

Thinking through specific negative events and setbacks that could adversely influence their goal pursuits.

Question 5

False consensus effect

Answer 5

Tendency to enhance our self-images by overestimating or under- estimating how much others think and act as we do

Question 6

False uniqueness effect

Answer 6

Serving our self-image by seeing our talents and moral behaviors as relatively unusual

Question 7

Narcissism

Answer 7

Having an inflated sense of self; an unjustified belief in one’s own greatness

Question 8

Fundamental attributional error

Answer 8

The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.

Question 9

Confirmation bias

Answer 9

We are eager to verify our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that might disprove them

Question 10

Rosy retrospection

Answer 10

Recalling mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them

Question 11

Illusory correlation

Answer 11

Phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables even when no such relationship exists.

A false association may be formed because rare or novel occurrences are more salient and therefore tend to capture one’s attention.

Question 12

Regression toward the average

Answer 12

The tendency for extremely high or extremely low scores to become more moderate upon retesting over time.

Eg: Students who do well in the first test would slack off in the next and vice versa

Question 13

Behavioral confirmation

Answer 13

Once formed, erroneous beliefs about the social world can induce others to confirm those beliefs

Question 14

Negative explanatory style

Answer 14

Attributes failure to stable [going to last], internal [because of me] and global [ruining my entire life] traits

Question 15

Depressive realism

Answer 15

The tendency of mildly depressed people to make accurate rather than self-serving judgments, attributions, and predictions.

Question 16

Sleeper effect

Answer 16

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, such as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it

Question 17

Attitude inoculation

Answer 17

Exposing people to weak attacks upon their attitudes so that when stronger attacks come, they will have refutations available.

Question 18

Social impairment

Answer 18

When first learning a new task, performing in front of others leads to the opposite tendency of actually performing worse.

Question 19

Actor-observer bias

Answer 19

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to situational causes and the behavior of others to personal causes

Question 20

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

Tendency to let our preconceived expectations of others influence how we treat them and, thus, bring about the very behavior we expected.

‘Bloomer study’

Question 21

Prejudice

Answer 21

An unjustified negative attitude an individual has for another, based solely on that person’s membership in a different racial or ethnic group.

Question 22

Discrimination

Answer 22

When prejudiced attitudes result in unjustified behavior toward members of that group.

Question 23

Scapegoat theory

Answer 23

When our self-worth is in doubt or in jeopardy, we become frustrated and tend to find others to blame.

Question 24

Superordinate goal

Answer 24

An emergency situation that required joint cooperation of both groups to solve

Question 25

Mere exposure effect

Answer 25

The more we come into contact with someone, the more likely we are to like that person.

Question 26

Instrumental aggression

Answer 26

Its purpose is the satisfaction of some goal behavior or benefit.

Eg: Mothers getting aggressive to support their child

Question 27

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 27

Proposed by Festinger

The tension that results from holding conflicting beliefs, attitudes, opinions, or values or when our actions do not coincide with these cognitions.

Question 28

Normative social influence

Answer 28

Resulting from a desire to gain social approval was the cause of the subjects’ behavior

Question 29

Experiment by Latane and Darley

Answer 29

Diffusion of responsibility, bystander effect

[Smoke room & phone call]

Question 30

Jigsaw classroom experiment

Answer 30

By Aronson & Gonsalez

Made and anglo & hispanic kids dependent on each other

The jigsaw technique is a method of organizing classroom activity that makes students dependent on each other to succeed.
It breaks classes into groups and breaks assignments into pieces that the group assembles to complete the (jigsaw) puzzle. Students are then split into groups with one member assigned to each topic.

Question 31

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 31

By Rosenthal & Jacobsen

Teachers told before the start of school year to expect certain children to ‘bloom’. Teacher’s expectations came true.