States of Consciousness

Question 1

Our biological clock is controlled by which part of the brain?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus

Question 2

Which parts of the brain are involved in the changes in wakefulness, arousal, and attention?

Answer 2

Forebrain, reticular formation, and thalamus

Question 3

Hypnagogic state

Answer 3

Transitional state of consciousness between wakefulness and sleep.

Common to experience involuntary and imagined experiences [hypnagogic hallucinations]

Question 4

EEGs of stage 1 sleep show ____ waves.

Answer 4

Theta

[Higher in amplitude and lower in frequency than alpha waves]

Question 5

In which stage of sleep does the EEG show sleep spindles [bursts of neural activity]?

Answer 5

Stage 2

Question 6

EEGs of stage 3 sleep show ____ waves.

Answer 6

Delta

[Very high amplitude and very low-frequency delta waves]

Question 7

REM sleep is often also called _____ sleep.

Answer 7

Paradoxical

• EEG shows beta activity (typical of wakefulness) and theta activity (typical of stage 1 sleep), but you are truly asleep

Question 8

About 50% of our sleep is in which stage?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 9

During a dream, the pons generates bursts of action potentials to the forebrain, which is activation.

Dreamer then tries to make sense of the stimulation by creating a story line, which is synthesis.

Question 10

Sleep apnea

Answer 10

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing that awaken the sufferer repeatedly during the night.

Question 11

Night terrors

Answer 11

Most frequently childhood sleep disruptions from stage 3-4 sleep characterized by a bloodcurdling scream and intense fear.

Question 12

Examples of tranquilizers

Answer 12

Benzodiazepines Valium, Xanax, and Rohypnol (“roofies”)

Tranquilizers are used to relieve anxiety, induce sleep, and prevent seizures.

Question 13

Alcohol increases transmission of the neuro-inhibitor ____, decreases transmission of the excitatory neurotransmitter ____, and increases production of beta-endorphins.

Answer 13

GABA, acetylcholine

Question 14

____ hormone helps track day length & seasons. It also regulates the sleep wake cycle.

Answer 14

Melatonin

Question 15

Growth hormone is secreted by which gland?

Answer 15

Pituitary gland

Question 16

Circadian rhythm

Answer 16

Biological clock that is genetically programmed to regulate physiological responses within a time period of 24–25 hours

Question 17

Biological clock

Answer 17

An internal timing device used to regulate various physiological responses, but it is not genetically programmed.

Question 18

Which stage is also called slow wave, or delta, sleep?

Answer 18

Stage 4 sleep

Question 19

An adult spend ____ percent of their sleep in REM sleep.

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

Newborns sleep about 17 hours a day, and ___ percent of that time is spent in REM.

Answer 20

50%

Question 21

Only about ___ percent of our dreams occur in stage 4 sleep and are less likely to be remembered.

Answer 21

5–10

Question 22

____ is a mental state that encompasses all thoughts and perceptions that occur when we are awake.

Answer 22

Waking consciousness

Question 23

An adult getting approximately 7-8 hours of sleep will go through ____ cycles of sleep.

Answer 23

4-5

Question 24

____ waves are characteristic of the period before entering sleep.

Answer 24

Alpha

Question 25

Before entering sleep, you briefly pass through a relaxed and drowsy state. ____ waves are characteristic of the period before entering sleep.

Answer 25

Alpha

Question 26

___ waves are characteristic of REM sleep.

Answer 26

Beta

Question 27

REM rebound

Answer 27

The idea that we go straight to REM sleep when we are sleep deprived.

Question 28

Approximately how long is each cycle of sleep during a full night’s sleep?

Answer 28

90 min

Question 29

Early in the sleep period, stage 1 only lasts about _____ minutes.

Answer 29

6–8

Question 30

Which stage of sleep constitutes approximately 50 percent of the total sleep period in normal healthy adults.

Answer 30

Stage 2

Question 31

_____ is the first stage of what is called slow wave sleep.

Answer 31

Stage 3

Question 32

____ is the period of sleep when dreaming most commonly occurs.

Answer 32

REM sleep

Question 33

In Freudian terms, _____ content consists of the parts of our dreams that we remember. Underlying this content are our unconscious thoughts and desires, which Freud called the _____ content.

Answer 33

Manifest, latent