New material Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Normal RR of horses (adults)? What about in neonates?
A
8-16 breaths/minute; neonates up to 60 and foals up to 30 breaths/minute
2
Q
Unilateral discharge means issue Is ____ to the _____
A
Rostral to the larynx
3
Q
What are vesicular sounds? What are bronchial sounds?
A
Vesicular sounds- quiet, heard over middle and diaphragmatic lung regions, represent segmental bronchial sounds
Bronchial sounds- louder sounds, best heard over the trachea and base of lungs
4
Q
Do finds always correlate well with degree of abn?
A
No
5
Q
What are adventitious sounds?
A
Crackles and wheezes, short, discontinuous sounds, can be n in foals, usually inspiratory
pressure equitization wen collapsed airway segment open
6
Q
____ wheezes are hallmark of equine asthma and other obstructive lung disease
A
expiratory
7
Q
When should we not use the rebreathing bag?
A
Do not use in horses in resp. distress at rest
8
Q
Using a rebreathing bag- what is the result of an abn horse?
A
Will not regain resp. effort quickly, should not cough
9
Q
Dynamic endoscopy is used for horses at rest or while exercising? are horses always sedated with standing endoscopy?
A
While exercising; not always sedated but may be when assessing anatomic details
10
Q
CT is best for evaluation of ____ disorders
A
sinonasal
11
Q
U/S will not penetrate _____ lung
A
aerated
12
Q
What is the most sensitive indicator of respiratory function that is readily available?
A
Arterial blood gas analysis
13
Q
Common abn in horses breathing room air=
A
hypocapnia, hypercapnia, hypoxemia
14
Q
Thoracocentesis-
A
aerobic and anaerobic culture and cytology, mediastinal frenstrations clog: submit sample from both sides, place 1 way valve, if leaving tube in place- so fluid goes out and no air is in
15
Q
Sinus trephination-
A
Caudal maxillary sinus often used from sampling, frontal sinus often used for flushing,
16
Q
what does unilateral discharge from the nares suggest
A
Source of discharge is rostral to the larynx
17
Q
what does bilateral discharge from the nares suggest
A
can be either upper or lower airway in origin
18
Q
when does cyanosis become apparent
A
- when 1/3 of the hemoglobin becomes desaturated
- reflects profound decrease in oxygen saturation
- suggests severe hypoxemia
19
Q
percussion of the sinus cavities
A
listen for abn resonance or dullness, holding mouth open might help
20
Q
why should we palpate the submandibular region, larynx, pharynx, and cervical regions on a horse
A
- look for lymph node enlargement
- masses,
- muscular atrophy
- normal horses will not cough with palpation of larynx or trachea
21
Q
thoracic auscultation- hyperresonance is due to ____
A
pneumothorax
22
Q
what are hallmark of expiratory wheezes?
A
Equine asthma and other obstructive lung dz
23
Q
why do we increase the horses depth of breath and how is it done
A
- we do it to make it easier to hear abnormal sounds
- done by using a rebreathing bad
- horse will take its deepest breath when the bag is removed at the end
24
Q
rads of the thorax in horses detects ___ dz
A
diffuse
25
transtracheal wash/bronchoalveolar lavage-->
Transtracheal- -samples the entire lower respiratory tract
- by passes contamination from upper airway
- perform bacterial culture and cytology with sample
Bronchoalveolar lavage- used to obtain samples from terminal airways and alveolar region, perform cytology with sample
26
What is a common area for sampling?
Caudal maxillary sinus
27
what is the term for the epidermal inclusion cyst in false nostril? What is the CS?
Atheroma; circumscribed swelling near nostril
28
What is tx of atheroma?
Surgical resection, lance from within the nostril and cauterize lining with 7% iodine
29
Guttural pouch tympany
- air in the guttural pouch (throatlatch region)
| - excise caudal aspect of cartilage flap at guttural pouch opening to treat
30
What are two differentials for hemorrhage of the nose?
Exercise induced pulm. hemorrhage or gluttural pouch mycosis with erosion of carotid artery
31
what is the tx of small ethmoid hematoma?
Formalin injection, do sinus flap and sx excision if large
32
what predisposes to a dorsal displacement of the soft palate?
- hypoplastic (short epiglottis) or flaccid epiglottis
| - may be secondary to pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia or gutteral pouch infection
33
treatment of dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Tongue tie, sternothyroideus myotomy, soft palete notching
34
what is the n epiglottic length in horses?
8-10cm
35
Subepiglottic or Pharyngeal Cysts
- persistent embryologic structure
- mass effect in nasopharynx
- snare excision (will return if lining is not removed)
36
Idiopathic laryngeal hemiplegia-
- disorder of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve
| - causes paresis of CAD muscle with failure to abduct the left arytenoid
37
Tx arytenoid chondritis with what medication? What is the prognosis?
NSAIDs (might also have to do sx too)
| poor prognosis for heavy exercise but good prognosis for low impact riding
38
Retropharyngeal abscess
- most commonly secondary to strep equi infection
- followed by a history of strangles
- hot pack until the abscess ruptures externally
- can also drain
39
Viral resp. dz-
most common in horses that travel or interact with other horses at many locations, may be an issue if new horses are brought in
40
Clinical signs that are the same among all resp. dz include which (4)
fever, anorexia, depression, can predispose to bacterial infections
41
What is the hallmark of tx for viral resp. diseases?
Support, NSAIDs, abx if secondary infection is a concern
42
t/f after recovering from a viral respiratory tract disease, the horse should not be rushed back to work
t- can lead to prolonged recovery, nonseptic inflammation airway dz, or secondary bacterial dz
43
equine influenza clinical signs
- serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge
- coughing
- URT signs
- submandibular lymph node enlargement
44
definitive diagnosis of equine influenza
viral ID on nasal swabs
45
Which strain of equine flu is most predominant???
H3N8
46
pathogenesis of equine influenza
- infection of epithelium of URT and LRT leads to destruction of ciliated respiratory cells
- causes disruption of the mucociliary apparatus
47
Equine herpes virus 4 is largely restricted to the _____ ____ and does not cause viremia
resp. tract
48
Equine herpes ___ causes ____ and neuro and reproductive diseases as well as resp.
1;viremia
49
Does past infection with equine herpes protect against abortion or neuro diseases?
nahhhh..
50
definitive diagnosis of equine herpes
identify virus, viral nucleic acid, or viral proteins on nasal swab or blood for EHV 1
51
Where does equine herpes virus become latent???
in neurons and lymphocytes
52
pathogenesis of equine herpes virus
infect and cause lysis of airway epith. cells
53
equine herpes virus vaccine
- none for neuro disease
| - will decrease shedding and severity of respiratory disease
54
What is the main CS of equine arteritis?
Peripheral edema
55
differential diagnosis for equine arteritis virus
- influenza
- equine herpes
- equine rhinits
56
diagnosis of equine arteritis virus
virus isolation or PCR, reportable
57
most important source of equine arteritis virus
- persistently infected carrier stallions
- carried in reproductive tract
- clear if castrated
58
pathogenesis of equine arteritis virus
infects epith. of genital tract and resp. tract, spreads via macrophages and lymphocytes
59
Equine Rhinitis A Virus vs Equine Rhinitis B virus-->
A- aphthovirus, viremia occurs, looks like foot and mouth disease
Hosts are rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys, humans
B- erbovirus, no viremia, host is resp. tract of horse only
60
Equine adenovirus 1 is _____ dz whereas equine adenovirus 2 is ____ dz
resp; GI dz
61
what can cause nonspecific respiratory disease in foals and can be fatal in severe combined immunodeficiency foals
Adenovirus
62
What are the CS of strangles?
- fever occurs 2-3 days before shedding
- submandibular lymphadenopathy leading to abscessation
- may also have infection of parotid or retropharyngeal lymph nodes
63
What are bastard strangles?
-abscessation of lymph nodes or organs not on the head
64
clinical signs associated with complicated cases of strangles
- type 3 hypersensitivity leading to vasculitis
- causes edema of periphery
- petechial hemorrhage
- infarctive myopathy
65
Effective vax of strep equi equi (strangles) must include __ ____
M protein
66
Diagnosis of strangles.
| Tx of strangles
PCR and culture; tx is abx BUT ONLY FOR COMPLICATED CASES!!
67
What is the tx of gluttural pouch emphysema in complicated cases of strangles???
- flush pouch with isotonic fluids
- sedate to keep head down as much as possible
- instill K pen or Na
68
treatment of purpura hemorrhagic and myositis in complicated cases of strangles
Steroids and abx
| Dex
69
most common ANaerobes in bacterial pneumonia
- bacteroides fragilis
- peptostreptococcus
- clostridium
- fusobacterium
- eubacterium
Babies play, coo, fuss, eat
70
pathogenesis of aerogenous bacterial pneumonia
- bacteria from nasopharynx or oropharynx advance to lower airways and into alveoli
- happens when other factors impair URT defenses
- leads to bronchopneumonia
71
Where is bronchopneumonia distribution?
Cranial ventral areas
72
Pathogenesis of hematogenous bacterial pneumonia--
bacteria that enter bloodstream lodge and establish in the lung
73
Embolic vs interstitial infections--
embolic is from IV catheter; interstitial is bacteremia from invasive bacteria
74
diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia
- ultrasound to look for abnormalities on pleural surface
| - thoracocentesis (stab incision off front of rib)
75
what will we see on cytology with bacterial pneumonia
Neutrophils and intracellular and extracellular bacteria
76
What will we see on cytology with fungal pneumonia?
- activated macrophages with lymphocytes
| - fungal organisms inside macrophages
77
What is the likely hx for rhodococcus equi pneumonia
-foals 1-5 months old
-leading cause of pneumonia in foals
persists in the soil and is shed in horse poop
78
What is the tx of rhodococcus???
Erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin combined with rifampin (all of them)
79
why should be be careful using macrolides in foals
can cause hyperthermia (high body temps)
80
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
- equine lungworm
- does not mature to egg laying adults in horses so horses will not shed eggs
- will shed in donkeys
81
diagnosis of lungworms in horses is...
| TX is...
transtracheal wash and will see eosinophils
| Tx with ivermectin or moxidectin
82
clinical signs of equine asthma
- decreased exercise tolerance
| - intermittent episodes of coughing
83
This horse has bronchial inflammation due to reaction of inhaled allergens. What is this condition called?
Equine asthma
84
What cells predominate with equine asthma?
Neutrophils
85
mold on hay that can contribute to equine asthma
- faenia rectivirgula
- aspergillus fumigatus
- thermoactinomyces vulgaris
Don't bed on straw
86
Diagnosis of equine asthma
- nonspecific lower airway inflammation in horses with typical clinical signs
- use BAL!!!!
87
tx of equine asthma
- environmental management
- minimize exposure to airborne allergens
- feed soaking hay
- keep indoors
- dont bed on straw
88
what anticholinergic bronchodilators are used for equine asthma
Atropine is first choice for ER, otherwise use ipratropium (inhaled)
89
what b2 agonists are used for equine asthma
- used long term
- clenbuterol oral
- albuterol inhaled
90
clinical signs of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Seen in racing horses, decreased performance relative to expected, epistaxis post race
91
how to reduce bacteremia and sepsis in foals
- move mare to where she is foaling at least 30 days before
- wash and dry mare after foaling
- ensure intake of colostrum
- good manure removal practices
- ensure adequate IgG concentrations
92
Treatment of exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage
Furosemide immediately before racing decreases pulmonary capillary blood pressure by decreasing blood volume through diuretic effects
93
What is the tx for contractual deformities?
Oxytetracycline
94
foal heat diarrhea
Around the time the mare returns to estrus, not caused by increased maternal estrogens in milk but rather dye to changes to foals enteric flora
95
what does rotavirus do
- decreases digestibility due to damage to the villi
| - undigested milk sugars hold water and will contribute to diarrhea
96
Normal blood lactate in adult horses is ___ what about in foals???
adults is < 2
| Foals is < 2.5
97
What is the most common reason for low calcium?
Anorexia
98
When is bicarb used?
If pH lower than 7.2
99
calculation of bicarb deficit
Body weight x 0.3 x (24- measured bicarb)
100
when is cyanosis noticed?
When at least 1/3 of the hgb is compromised/desaturated
101
What is the number one differential for horse coughing? What is the second differential?
Equine Influenza; equine asthma is the second differential
102
stridor or stertor is more common in horses with resp. issues???
Stertor
103
H3N8 Type 2 is also "____ ___" and can jump from what species to horses???
Canine influenza; dogs
104
How often should you booster high risk horses from equine flu?
Every 6 months
We start flu vaccines in foals at 6 months (and booster 3-4 weeks) AND THEN 3-4 MONTHS after that and then its every 6 months for their life
Bc maternal antibodies may interfere
105
_____ causes viremia and SPREADS from the resp. tract to other organs but ______ DOES NOT cause viremia (restricted to the resp. tract)
EHV- 1 ; EHV-4
106
low dose vs high dose inactivated vax for EHV
Low dose is against resp. dz
High dose is against resp. dz and abortions
"dose" is the antigen load, usually high dose/antigen load is better at reducing shedding as well
107
____ is REPORTABLE and one seropositive test means..
Equine arteritis virus; recent infection
108
T/F some stallions with infected vas deferens of equine arteritis can spont. clear the infection? Can mares get it from repro. AND resp. secretions?
T; YES
109
How do we prevent equine arteritis infections?
MLV vaccine and castration- vax only protects against dz NOT infection, will limit abortion outbreak
110
Equine rhinitis ___ has no viremia
B
111
What is the MOST IMPT RESP DISEASE OF FOALS
Equine adenovirus
- no vaccine
- diag. with PCR nasal swabs
- TX is supportive
- fatal if combined with SCID foal
112
What is gold standard for strep equi? What do we use instead because its quicker?
Culture; PCR
113
Should we vax horses for strangles when other horses in the barn def. have it?
NOOOO could cause purpura hemorrhagica bc high antibodies
114
When do horses stop shedding Strangles?
More than 2 weeks after CS
115
_____ CAN cause laminitis
pleuropneumonia
116
Common aerobes-
strep equi, actinobacillus, pasteurella, klebsiella, E. coli
117
If p has evidence of resp. distress, DO NOT DO ____
BAL
118
Rhodococcus equi= ___ _____ causes infection
virulence associated protein A (VAPA)
119
Is rhodococcus equi infective if it does not have virulence assoc. protein A?
NOT LIKELY
120
What are the two biweekly screening tests we need for Strep equi?
Biweekly WBC count and U/S
121
Equine asthma aka ___
heaves
122
Curcshmann spirals and mucus on ✌️BAL✌️ is what condition?
Asthma
123
IgG less than 400 means
needs plasma transfusion and abx
124
Use _____ for umbilical stump
Chlorhexidine
