Tyzzer's disease is caused by infection with Clostridium piliforme Foals ages 6 to 45 days are most susceptible. sporadic and rare disease, non-contagious Other species affected include rodents, birds, cats, dogs, cattle, primates, and humans Clinical signs can be indistinguishable from other diseases causing lethargy, recumbency, and seizures in foals.

Review Flashcards by Tara Butler

Normal adult horse urine is acidic or alkaline??

Alkaline

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Which can cause a false positive reading for protein on a dipstick?

protein- herbivores have alkaline urine

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What is seen with gentamycin overdose?

Granular casts, toxic to renal tubules and causes renal tubular necrosis/tubular intestinal disease

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This horse received alfalfa hay from Kansas and is now experiencing the following symptoms:
dysuria, colic, mild neuro signs, hypocalcemia, azotemia. What could be the issue?

Cantharidin toxicity (blister beetles)

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If a 12 gram tube of Bute was given to a 1000lb horse, what would we see and why?

Renal injury because bute inhibits cyclooxygenase which then causes renal papillary necrosis

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How does renal papillary necrosis occur?

Renal injury from (too much bute for example) or other NSAIDs which inhibit COX-1 and cause renal papillary necrosis

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Elevated aminoglycosides in blood= ___ concentration

trough concentration

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Horses have which e’lyte abnormality with CKD??

hypercalcemia

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4 year old pony gelding with hematuria after exercise, most likely from what issue??

Cystolith most commonly or urolith or urethrolith which can happen but are much more uncommon

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Chronic strep equi infection causes what condition?

Immune complex glomerulonephritis

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Fractional excretion of e’lytes-

renal tubules regulate e’lyte concentration

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Measure ___ ___ before administering _______ to prevent bony loss in navicular disease (causes renal toxicity)

renal function; bisphosphates

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Grade ____ systolic murmur on right/left side in older mare is likely from mitral valve

5/6 systolic murmur; L side

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Describe murmur in horse originating from the mitral valve:

Grade 5/6 systolic murmur from the L side

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Second degree heart block (AV block) is assoc. with giving what drug?

Xylazine

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Drug used to convert A fib in horses is….

quinidine

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a drug that is specific for cardiac muscle damage is..

Troponin

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____ is a bloodwork measurement specific for muscle injury but not for cardiac muscles specifically

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Japanese yew causes….

Cardiotoxic effects

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What plant has cardiotoxic effects?

Japanese yew

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What best indicates hepatic function in horses?

Serum bile acids (specific for HEPATOCYTES)

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______ toxicity causes megalocytosis, bile duct hyperplasia, and fibrosis

Pyrollizidine alkaloid toxicity

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Hepatic enzymes elevated in a 10 month old colt could be due to which process???

Alkaline phosphatase, skeletal growth

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Tyzzer’s disease….

Tyzzer’s disease is caused by infection with Clostridium piliforme
Foals ages 6 to 45 days are most susceptible.
sporadic and rare disease, non-contagious
Other species affected include rodents, birds, cats, dogs, cattle, primates, and humans
Clinical signs can be indistinguishable from other diseases causing lethargy, recumbency, and seizures in foals.

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Blood ammonia concentration is decreased/increased with severe liver disease because of the conversion of ammonia to urea being decreased

increased

What is increased with severe liver disease because of the conversion of ammonia to _____ being _____

Blood ammonia; urea; decreased

NG tube passed 2 days ago bc patient not ingesting food, what levels should we expect to be abn high since p was anorexic?

Hyperbilirubinemia

32 year old mini horse with BCS 8/9 was kicked in the mandible, no fx seen but is reluctant to eat. What are we concerned about?

Hyperlipemia (anorexia in obese (mini) horses or periparturient mares)

? is similar to hepatic lipidosis but is not the same and is more severe

hyperlipemia

Crusty dermatitis affecting the blaze and socks of a mare, yellow flowering plants in the pasture as well (Crotalaria species) =

Photosensitization caused by hepatic disease causing dermatitis, NOTT primary photosensitization

Fever, elevated enzymes, neutrophilic inflammation of bile duct without bacteria=

Cholangiohepatitis (referring to bile tree, no mineralization/stones present)

Milk thistle seed contains ? which supports...

contains sylamarin which supports hepatic function

CVM, CVSM, CSM, and wobblers- what are the two main clinical presentations in these

Static-continuous (always regardless of head/neck position), dynamic -intermittent (normal sometimes, positional, intermittent) related to time

Ataxia and spasticity of compressive lesion in Cervical spine of horse with wobblers- will be worse in what limbs?

in the rear limbs because the nerve tracts are more superficial

What is the standard for diagnosis of WNV encephalitis, based on detection of IgM antibodies?

Capture ELISA

What is EDM and EMND?

EMND- gray matter- atrophy | EDM- white matter- ataxia

What is linked to EDM (equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy)

wood preservatives, use of insecticides, and frequent time in dirt lots

Equine shivers-

abduction in HL with hyperflexion of the hock when backing up

Equine Stringhault-

abduction in hock when moving forward

What is the most common Botulism toxin in Midwest and East Coast?

Type B

Gentamycin contraindicated in animals with ____

Botulism

____ is C/I in animal with botulism

Gentamycin

What is used to determine the likelihood of spinal cord compression in wobblers patients?

Min sagittal diameter (which is the ratio of spinal cord diameter to vertebral body diameter in the cervical spine)

What are 2 neuro conditions associated with vitamin E deficiency?

EMND- gray matter- atrophy | EDM- white matter- ataxia

CS of encephalitis caused by ____ and more severe than with WEE

EEE

In N. America, ____ exists in sylvatic (wild animals) involving cycles with ___ and _____

EEE; birds and mosquitos

Most horses bitten by ____ mosquitos do not develop CS, why?

WNV; horses are dead end hosts

What drug class is commonly administered to horses with neurotrauma but is associated with negative outcomes in humans?

Glucocorticoids

What occurs in Arabians and is characterized by degeneration of Purkinje cells?

Cerebellar abiotrophy

____ increases activity of the NMDA receptor

Magnesium

Magnesium increases the activity of the ____ receptor

NMDA

What are the CS associated with Horner's Syndrome???

Miosis, ptosis, regional swelling

Polyneuritis equi-

intra and extradural lymphocytic and granulomatous inflammation of nerve roots

intra and extradural lymphocytic and granulomatous inflammation of nerve roots is termed what?

Polyneuritis equi

Chondrodysplasia is not seen in horses with ____

CVSM

What is condrodysplasia?

a type of dwarfism affecting bone and cartilage growth (think corgi, dauschund, basset hounds)

What horses are more prone to CVSM???

Young males eating high diets in carbs and low in calcium, phosph, copper, and zinc

What is the best way to diagnose CVM in young TB colts?

neuro exam and myelogram (document compression)

Horner's syndrome can be associated with lesions in the gluttural pouch if what CN are involved?

CN 9-12

Best test to diagnose EPM is ????

Antibody ratio of CSF: Blood

Antibody ratio of CSF: Blood is the best test for...

EPM diagnosis

What is a clinical sign that is most compatible with EPM?

Asymm. ataxia with focal muscle atrophy

TX of EPM should include ___ days of what two drugs?

28 days of Ponazuril and diclazuril

equine degenerative myeloenchalopathy (EDM) is diagnosed based on....

characteristic histo findings in cutaneous and gracilus nuclei

Encephalopathic behavior CS are....

circling, head pressing, cortical/central blindness, changes in mentation, seizures

CN exam in horses vs. small animal--

mild bilateral ventral strabismus is normal with horses' head is elevated

Foal knuckling of ____ and dropped ____= radial nerve paralysis

fetlock; dropped elbow

radial nerve paralysis -

dropped elbow and knuckling of the fetlock

____ results in neutrophilic inflammation

EEE

Older Quarter Horse gelding in May NOT shedding his winter coat, slow to heal wounds, and PU/PD =

PPID, TRH stim test is used to confirm

What test is used to confirm Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)

TRH and ACTH stim test (TRH mostly)

15 year old donkey with laminitis, regional adiposity (crusty neck), overweight, rings on feet (previous laminitis episodes), very green/lush pasture and has laminitis=

EMS, resting insulin conc. test, oral sugar test, or insulin tolerance test needs to be done to confirm. Carb metabolism dysregulation rather than endocrine disorder

What are CS compatible with EPM?

Asymm. ataxia and local muscle atrophy

What is Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) caused by? How can it be tx???

Hyperplasia of the par intermedia of the pituitary, treated by Prascend/peroglide (dopamine receptor agonist)

What drug (a human drug) is used for EMS and what is its mech?

Metformin for EMS- MOA is decreased absorption of glucose at the level of the intestines, dose is 30mg/kg 30 mins before eating

What do we do with a blood sample if we want to test it for Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID)??

resting ACTH and TRH stim reading, grab a purple tip tube (EDTA) and spin/freeze the sample within FOUR hours of blood collection

What is NOT a highly protein bound drug???

Cholramphenicol

What should we check before assessing patient's thyroid issues?

Iodine levels, seaweed is high in iodine and higher levels of iodine can cause LOW thyroid hormone levels?

What med do we use for horse with low thyroid levels?

Levothyroxine

Older Quarter horse gelding with lack of sweating is likely what condition and how do we test for it?

Likely anhidrosis and test for it using the terbutaline sweat test

What does L tyrosine do?

Ascorbic acid and niacin (One AC) is a precursor for epinephrine production Supplementation is believed to help increase epi and lead to more sweat production

What is a precursor for epinephrine?

L-thyrosine (One AC)

What has a combination of L-tyrosine, ascorbic acid, and niacin??

OneAC

Pasture associated laminitis in horses with EMS involves and increased in....

insulin like growth factors

When treating ? do we make sure to carefully evaluate the foal's umbilicus?

septic arthritis

Diagnosis of urine leakage into abdomen is confirmed via....

if abdominal fluid creatine : serum ratio is more than 2:1

Surgical resection of umbilical structures should be strongly considered in foal with....

patient urachus if diameter of umbilical vein is more than 2.6 cm (about an inch)

Elevations of serum creatinine and BUN with hyperkalemia in foals =

ruptured bladder

Method used to restrain foals/too much pressure on the abdomen can cause --

patient urachus in foals

dental abn in horses of 2-5 years include--

incisor maleruption, impacted 108-208 teeth, eruption cysts

What supplies the sensory inervention to the maxillary sinus?

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

What Nerve can we block to block the maxillary arcade and do standing sx?

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)

___ and ___ stimulate the production of HCL

Gastrin and histamine

Gastrin and histamine stimulate the production of ___

HCL

What meds decrease prostaglandin production by blocking COX 1 enzyme? What does this lead to?

NSAIDs; leads to gastric ulcers

What are the 3 highly bound drugs?

Sulfonamide abx, glucocorticoids, phenylbutazone "bute"

Review Flashcards

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