Newborn Conditions

Question 1

what is gastroschisis

Answer 1

paraumbilical defect with extrusion of the abdominal contents

Question 2

where are the intestines seen in gastroschisis

Answer 2

to the right of the umbilicus

Question 3

What is exomphalos

Answer 3

contents of the abdomen have herniated into the umbilical cord
Often the liver

Question 4

Investigation for gastroschisis/exomphalos

Answer 4

MS-AFP (Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein) Raised in both conditions, but higher levels in gastroschisis
USS
MRI

Question 5

Management of gastroschisis/exomphalos

Answer 5

Gastroschisis- corrective surgery

Exomphalos- corrective surgery, protect the hernia

Question 6

what is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 6

defect in the diaphragm allowing herniation of the abdominal contents into the chest
Causes impaired lung development i.e. pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension

Question 7

Signs of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 7

respiratory distress
bowel sounds in one hemithorax
feeding difficulties
abdo distension

Question 8

what is cystic fibrosis associated with in the newborn

Answer 8

meconium ileus

Question 9

what is meconium ileus

Answer 9

meconium is extremely sticky

gets stuck in the bowel and the infant is unable to pass a stool

Question 10

symptoms of meconium ileus

Answer 10

failure to pass stool
difficulty feeding
vomiting
Distended bowel loops

Question 11

investigation of meconium ileus

Answer 11

Contrast Enema

Question 12

what is malrotation

Answer 12

small intestine in the wrong place (typically found on the right hand side of the abdomen)

Question 13

main symptom of malrotation

Answer 13

bile green vomit

Question 14

Investigation + treatment of malrotation

Answer 14

Upper GI contrast

Surgery

Question 15

what artery supplies the midgut

Answer 15

superior mesenteric artery

Question 16

what is atresia

Answer 16

there is not a connection between one end of the intestine to the mesentery

Question 17

most common form of atresia

Answer 17

Jejunal

Jejunum twists around marginal artery

Question 18

mnemonic to remember teratology of fallot

Answer 18

PROVe

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Over-riding aorta
Ventricular septal defect

Question 19

what is transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

Answer 19

pulmonary artery and the aorta are swapped over

PA is joined to the left ventricle, and aorta is joined to the right ventricle

Question 20

symptoms of TGA

Answer 20

cyanosis
Systolic murmur
Congestive heart failure

Question 21

CXR of TGA

Answer 21

Egg shaped heart

Question 22

what can be heard in coarctation (narrowing) of the aorta

Answer 22

Systolic murmur at left sternal edge

Question 23

what can be seen on CXR of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 23

rib notching

Question 24

what does coarctation of the aorta cause in relation to feeling pulses

Answer 24

Radial-femoral delay

Question 25

Symptoms of cortication of the aorta

Answer 25

Increased BP in arms Epistaxis Decreased blood to the legs- cold legs, diminished pulses, heart failure, failure to thrive

Question 26

what is potter syndrome

Answer 26

pulmonary hypoplasia due to oligohydramnios (lack of amniotic fluid) and compression while in the uterus

Question 27

What can cause oligohydramnios

Answer 27

renal failure

Question 28

what is hydroceles

Answer 28

fluid filled sac around the testes

Question 29

management of hydroceles

Answer 29

most go away on their own after 2 months | Surgery considered after 2 years