Newest Material Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
what are neuropsychiatric disorders (what 3 things do they affect)
A
they are disorders of affect, cognition, and behavior
2
Q
affect
A
observable signs of emotional state
3
Q
cognition
A
thinking, remembering, reasoning
4
Q
behavior
A
external reactions to the environment
5
Q
both the ____ + the _____ contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders
A
genes, environment
6
Q
currently, the most effective treatment for all neuropsychology disorders involves a combination of what two things?
A
medications and psychotherapy
7
Q
schizophrenia is a _______ mental disorder
A
chronic
8
Q
what are the behavioral hallmarks of SCZ?
A
hallucinations, disordered thinking, a lack of motivation
9
Q
SCZ manifests when?
A
in early adulthood
10
Q
SCZ has a ____ prevalence, affecting ___% of the population
A
high, 0.5
11
Q
SCZ has a strong _______ component
A
genetic
12
Q
multiple genes contribute small but _______ risks to SCZ
A
additive
13
Q
what are the positive Sx of SCZ
A
psychosis, or the failure to distinguish between real/unreal experiences
14
Q
what are the negative Sx of SCZ
A
catatonia, or the decreased ability to plan, speak, move, and find pleasure
15
Q
SCZ also leads to _______ cognition
A
impaired
16
Q
T/F: the key pathological features of SCZ are NOT unique to SCZ
A
TRUE
17
Q
what is a typical antipsychotic
A
- first gen
- blocks DA receptors
18
Q
what is an atypical antipsychotic
A
- second gen
- blocks DA AND serotonin receptors
19
Q
DA receptors are all _________
A
metabotropic
20
Q
the _________ ___________ is the master controller for higher cognitive functions
A
prefrontal cortex
21
Q
what cognitive functions does the prefrontal cortex control
A
emotional responses, attention, and behavior/judgement
22
Q
the prefrontal cortex receives input from the ___
A
VTA
23
Q
how is the MESOLIMBIC pathway affected by SCZ
A
increase in DA which contributes to positive symptoms (psychosis)
24
Q
what is the mesolimbic pathway
A
VTA -> Nucleus Accumbens
25
how is the MESOCORTICAL pathway affected by SCZ?
decrease in DA contributes to negative, cognitive, and affective Sx.
26
what is the mesocortical pathway
VTA -> prefrontal cortex
27
the _____ ______ is involved in motivation (reward-seeking)
Nucleus Accumbens
28
what is the dopamine hypothesis of SCZ?
in SCZ, increase of dopamine leads to the assignment of 'labels' or salience (importance) to irrelevant/insignificant thoughts and events, creating a psychotic state
29
_______ aka 'angel dust' and other NMDA antagonists at high doses can induce psychotic symptoms
PCP
30
_____ _________ ________________ _____________ results in psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment
NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis
31
the 5HT2A receptor blockade is a key factor in the mechanism of action of _______ and other atypical antipsychotics
clozapine
32
the _________ system plays a critical role in mood disorders like anxiety and depression
serotonin
33
___________ _____________ measures sensorimotor gating
prepulse inhibition
34
a prepulse before a pulse ________ startle response
decreases
35
T/F: SCZ patients are usually impaired in PPI
TRUE
35
what does the 3-chamber sociability test measure?
- social preference (talking to strangers)
- social recognition (remembering strangers)
36
T/F: SCZ and ASD patients are impaired in social motivation and cognition
TRUE
37
what three things characterize BD?
manic, depressive, and hypomanic episodes
38
what is the first-line treatment for BD? What do they do?
lithium salts. reduces manic episodes and mood swings
39
GSK3 (a _______ _______) is a potential target of lithium salts
protein kinase
40
GSK3 itself is regulated by ______________
phosphorylation
41
MDD, PTSD, and substance abuse are all closely related and thought of as _____________ disorders.
internalizing
42
what are internalizing disorders characterized by?
debilitating experiences of persistent negative thoughts
43
serotonin is synthesized in two steps from ________________
tryptophan
44
serotonin is taken up across the plasma membrane by what?
specific serotonin transporters
45
serotonin projects from the _________ nucleus in the __________
Raphe, Brainstem
46
T/F: depressive disorders are highly treatable
TRUE
47
MAO inhibitors are older drugs used to treat....
anxiety and depression
48
anxiety
causes more than temporary worry or fear. it doesn't go away
49
generalized AD
excessive anxiety/worry for months
50
panic disorder
recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
51
social anxiety disorder
"social phobia". ppl expect to feel embarrassed, judged, rejected, and are fearful of offending others
52
anxiety treatments
psychotherapy, medications (SSRI'S), benzodiazepines
53
how do benzodiazepines work
they enhance GABA-A receptor function (more chloride entry), hyperpolarization
54
the most common neuropsychiatric disorders have strong genetic component and may have origins in early ____ development
CNS
55
neuropsychiatric disorders have distinct disease origins. what is the evidence?
different pharmaceutical treatments are effective in different classes of diseases.
56
ASD and SCZ share the same molecular pathways but are different disorders. what's the evidence
when and where certain genes are expressed during development are the same
57
addictions arise when drug habits become reinforced by enhancing brain circuits involving what?
the brain's reward system
58
reinforcement of the brain's reward pathways occur from what?
the brain's plasticity mechanisms
59
high degree of addiction risk is ________
genetic
60
tolerance
need more of drug to get high
61
physical dependence
without the drug, you feel discomfort
62
psychological dependence
without the drug, you don't feel like yourself
63
withdrawals
psychological and physical reactions to absence of drug
64
___________ is the leading cause of drug deaths
fentanyl
65
_______ is the active ingredient in opiates
morphine
66
________ is a derivative of opiates
heroin
67
opioid receptors are ______
GPCR's
68
how do opioids work
they depress activity in respiratory control centers in the brainstem.
69
_________ aka Narcan is a potent opioid antagonist
naloxone
70
drugs are heavily influenced by dopamine from the ____.
VTA
71
what is the opiate hypothesis
opiates of abuse enhance 'reward' by decreasing the inhibition of DA neurons in the VTA. this makes DA more available, strengthening reward circuitry
72
why does the brain have opiate receptors?
endogenous opiates are part of the natural system to decrease pain (analgesia)
73
endogenous opiates
neuropeptides like alpha, beta, gamma endorphins, met- and leu- enkephalins, dynorphin
74
exogenous opiates
small molecules
75
opiates _______ pain, _______ anxiety, and ______ euphoria
reduce, lessen, create
76
nociception
perception of noxious stimuli
77
why can pain be considered good
it has evolved to help identify dangers
78
why can pain be bad
can be chronic
79
acute pain
known cause, short, resolution of the underlying cause, self-limited
80
chronic pain
unknown cause, persists for 3+ months and after healing, the outcome is pain control not a cure
81
treatment for acute pain
interrupting nociceptive signals and finding the underlying cause
82
treatment for chronic pain
multidisciplinary approach. should use more than 1 modality
83
pain depends on a lot of factors and is ALWAYS in the _____
brain
84
pain relies on _______
context
85
pain is perceived in the _____ cortex on the ______________ side
sensory, contralateral
86
the perception of pain is often _________ by the brain
modulated
87
there is two-way communication between the brain and ____ ____ for pain
spinal cord
88
_____________ are sensory neurons with free-nerve endings
nociceptors
89
nociceptors are mainly ___________
myelinated
90
which nociceptors are fastest (myelinated) and slowest (unmyelinated)
A-alpha and C fibers
91
A-delta fibers are myelinated and detect _____________ and _________ pain
mechanical, thermal
92
C fibers are unmyelinated and detect ___, _______, and ______ pain
mechanical, thermal, chemical
93
A-delta fiber characteristics
fast, sharp, well-localized
94
C fiber characteristics
slower onset, duller, poorly localized
95
chemical mediators of ____________ can augment pain perception
inflammation
96
nociceptive pain
visceral damage of somatic/visceral tissue from trauma and inflammation
97
nociceptive pain examples
rheumatoid arthritis, gout
98
neuropathic pain
related to damage of peripheral/central nerves.. usually chronic
99
neuropathic pain example
diabetic peripheral neuropathy
100
sensory hypersensitivity
pain without identifiable nerve/tissue damage
101
sensory hypersensitivity example
fibromyalgia
102
pain sensitization can occur at the ______ nerve level via ____
peripheral, LTP
103
functional neurological disorder
problem with how the NS processes pain
104
what are the 4 types of anesthesia
general, regional, sedation, local
105
general anesthesia
meds making patient sleep before surgery
106
regional anesthesia
numbs an area of the body (like epidural)
107
sedation
patient is drowsy and relaxed
108
local anesthesia
numbs small peripheral area (gums, digits)
109
lidocaine
blocks VG Na+ channels
110
propofol
enhances GABA-A receptor activity
