NM Imaging Flashcards
(14 cards)
Tomography
Layered X-ray procedures
Delineates bone lesions
Ventriculography
Air injection into ventricles, then Xray
Myelography
Air injection into spinal subarachnoid space then Xray
Delineates impingements
Cerebral Angiography
Dye into carotid and vertebral arteries then Xray
Invasive, may be irritating
Computed Tomography (CT)
Xray in cross sections of the brain
Add contrast to increase sensitivity
Changes in density: bleeding, edema, infarction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
NO radiation, uses protons and neutrons - more sensitive for acute stroke
Good for soft tissue - bad for bone, metal implants, pacemakers
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Radioisotopes inhaled or injected then gamma-ray
Good for metabolism and blood flow - bone mets
Lacks detailed resolution
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Brain electrical activity, structural disease of the brain
Echoencephalogram (ultrasound)
Reflected US waves analyzed
detection of plaques in carotid arteries, shifts of midline structures
Lumbar Puncture Purpose
Below L1-L2 Withdraw CSF for chemical analysis: protein, glucose, immunoglobulin content, cell count Measure ICP and fluid dynamics Injection of contrast Injection of therapeutic agents
Lumbar Puncture Complications
Severe HA (relieved by laying down)
Infection
Epidural hematoma
Uncal herniation
Normal CSF findings (appearance, volume, pressure, protein)
Clear, odorless
90-150mL Adult, 60-100mL Child
90-180mmH2O, 10-100 mmH2O
15-45mg/dL, 15-100mg/dL
Electromyography (EMG)
Detects electrical activity arising from muscles
LMN disease or primary mm disease at NM junction
Nerve conduction velocity: neuropathies with demyelination (guillan-barre and charcot-marie tooth)
EMG results: fibrillation, fasciculation
Fibrillation: independent mm fibers contract spontaneously. 1-3 weeks after losing nerve
Fasciculation: motor unity fibers all contract spontaneously.
Both present with incomplete LMN lesions, only fibrillations with complete LMN lesions
