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From Flashcardlet > NM Quizzes Modules 3 & 4 > Flashcards

NM Quizzes Modules 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In stable isotopes of nuclei with large Z, _________.

a. The number of protons equals the number of neutrons.
b. The number of protons is higher than the number of neutrons.
c. The number of neutrons is somewhat higher than the number of protons.
d. The number of electrons equals the number of neutrons.

A

??? Not A

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2
Q

What is the difference between X-rays and gamma-rays?

  1. X-rays are produced outside the nucleus, whereas gamma-rays are a product of nuclear decay.
  2. X-rays have higher energies than gamma-rays.
  3. X-rays are ionizing, gamma-rays are non-ionizing.
  4. X-rays and gamma rays interact with matter differently.
A
  1. X-rays are produced outside the nucleus, whereas gamma-rays are a product of nuclear decay.
    Answers:
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3
Q

Isotopes have nuclei with_________.

a. The same number of neutrons
b. The same number of protons
c. The same mass number
d. The same number of electrons

A

Selected Answer:

b. The same number of protons

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4
Q

n accident involving a radiopharmaceutical shipment includes chromium-51 (Cr-51), which has a half-life of about 27 days. If 800 Curies of the Cr-51 spilled and the amount was not diminished by wind or rain, at the end of 54 days, _________.

a. 746 Curies of Cr-51 would remain
b. 400 Curies of Cr-51 would remain
c. 200 Curies of Cr-51 would remain
d. there would be no Cr-51 left

A

c. 200 Curies of Cr-51 would remain

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5
Q

If you were exposed to a beta-gamma source such as iodine-131 (I-131), which units would be used to quantify the amount of radiation energy absorbed by your body?

a. Roentgen, C/kg
b. Rad, Gray, J/kg
c. Rem, Sievert, J/kg
d. Curie, Becquerel

A

b. Rad, Gray, J/kg

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6
Q

Ionization is an important concept in radiation biology, because _________.

a. it is the basis for the damaging biological effects caused by radiation, and it provides a mechanism for detecting and measuring radiation.
b. it describes how protons are ejected from the nucleus of an atom, causing biological damage to a cell.
c. it is the process by which alpha, beta, and gamma radiation are produced.
d. none of the above

A

a. it is the basis for the damaging biological effects caused by radiation, and it provides a mechanism for detecting and measuring radiation.

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7
Q

High energy photons have _________ wavelengths and _________ frequencies compared to low energy photons.

a. Longer, higher
b. Longer, lower
c. Shorter, higher
d. Shorter, lower

A

c. Shorter, higher

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8
Q

Although they have nearly the same mass, a neutron will penetrate more deeply than a proton with the same energy, because _________.

a. Neutrons are scattered more easily
b. Neutrons do not experience electrostatic forces
c. Protons are easily absorbed by atomic nuclei
d. Protons cause ionization, but neutrons are non-ionizing

A

b. Neutrons do not experience electrostatic forces

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9
Q

The most deeply penetrating radiation is the _________.

a. gamma ray
b. alpha particle
c. electron
d. proton

A

??? not (d. proton)

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10
Q

Which of the following is true?

a. Elements can have only one stable isotope.
b. Elements can have only one radioactive isotope.
c. Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties.
d. Stable elements have equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

A

??not d. Stable elements have equal numbers of protons and neutrons.

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11
Q

A particle with a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2 is a(n) _________.

a. neutron
b. proton
c. alpha particle
d. electron

A

c. alpha particle

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12
Q

If an isotope has a physical half life of 10 days and its biological half life is also 10 days, then its effective half life is _________.

a. 20 days
b. 10 days
c. 5 days
d. 1 day

A

c. 5 days

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13
Q

The difference between the absorbed dose and the equivalent dose is_________.

a. Absorbed dose depends on the energy of the radiation
b. Equivalent dose is more ambiguous as to biological effects
c. Equivalent dose weights the absorbed dose according to the energy and type of radiation to account for the biological effects.
d. There is no difference in practice.

A

c. Equivalent dose weights the absorbed dose according to the energy and type of radiation to account for the biological effects.

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14
Q

X-ray photons and Gamma-rays mainly differ in their_________.

a. energy
b. interactions with tissue
c. charge
d. origin

A

Selected Answer:
d. origin
Answers:

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15
Q

he number of neutrons in a Cobalt-60 atom (Z = 27) is_________.

a. 27
b. 60
c. 33
d. 87

A

Selected Answer:
c. 33
Answers:

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16
Q

In order to ionize an atom, a single particle or photon must have an energy greater than _________.

a. 1 MeV
b. 1 keV
c. 10 eV
d. 0 eV. The energy of a single particle doesn’t matter, because the energy from many particles or photons can combine to ionize an atom.

A

Selected Answer:
c. 10 eV
Answers:

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17
Q

Exposure in radiation dosimetry is a measure of _________.

a. the number of photons absorbed per kilogram of air.
b. the number of nuclear decay events per unit time.
c. the amount of energy absorbed per kilogram of air
d. the amount of charge produced by ionizing radiation when it passes through air.

A

?? not a. the number of photons absorbed per kilogram of air.

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18
Q

Non-ionizing radiation _________.

a. Has no biological effects.
b. Includes radio frequencies, cell phone, and infrared radiation.
c. May cause effects such as the excitation of electrons to a higher energy level or an increase in molecular vibrational energies, which results in tissue heating.
d. Both b and c.

A

d. Both b and c.

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19
Q

The radiation unit that measures equivalent dose is the __________.

a. Gray
b. Sievert
c. Becquerel
d. Roentgen

A

Selected Answer:
b. Sievert
Answers:

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20
Q

Alpha radiation _________.

  1. Cannot penetrate concrete, but easily passes through wood or glass.
  2. Cannot penetrate through rigid materials such as wood or glass, but will easily pass through your skin.
  3. Cannot penetrate skin, but is very harmful if it is inhaled or ingested.
  4. Is highly penetrating, such that external exposure will damage internal organs.
A

Selected Answer:

3. Cannot penetrate skin, but is very harmful if it is inhaled or ingested.

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21
Q

Alpha radiation _________.

  1. Cannot penetrate concrete, but easily passes through wood or glass.
  2. Cannot penetrate through rigid materials such as wood or glass, but will easily pass through your skin.
  3. Cannot penetrate skin, but is very harmful if it is inhaled or ingested.
  4. Is highly penetrating, such that external exposure will damage internal organs.
A

Selected Answer:
3. Cannot penetrate skin, but is very harmful if it is inhaled or ingested.
Answers:

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22
Q

A Gray or rad measures_________.

a. Exposure
b. Absorbed Dose
c. Effective Dose
d. Biological damage

A

Selected Answer:
b. Absorbed Dose
Answers:

23
Q

1.0 mSv is equivalent to_________.

a. 1.0 mrem
b. 10 mrad
c. 10 mCi
d. 100 mrem

A

Selected Answer:

d. 100 mrem

24
Q

What is the composition of a neutral atom of 238 92U?

a. 238 protons, 146 electrons, and 92 neutrons
b. 92 protons, 92 electrons, and 146 neutrons
c. 146 protons, 146 electrons, and 238 neutrons
d. 92 protons, 146 electrons, and 92 neutrons

A

?? not

d. 92 protons, 146 electrons, and 92 neutrons

25
Q

When an unstable nucleus ejects an energetic electron, the process is known as _________.

a. radioactive decay.
b. ionization.
c. neutralization.
d. positron emission.

A

??? not b. ionization.

likely A:

26
Q

Which statement best describes the difference between the equivalent dose and the effective dose?

a. Because the units are the same, there is no actual difference.
b. The equivalent dose is proportional to the absorbed dose, but the effective dose is not related to the absorbed dose.
c. The effective dose weights the equivalent dose to account for the radiation sensitivity of particular tissues.
d. The equivalent dose enables the comparison of the biological effects of a dose to a particular organ to the biological effects of a whole body dose.

A

Selected Answer:

c. The effective dose weights the equivalent dose to account for the radiation sensitivity of particular tissues.

27
Q

The three most common types of radiation produced by unstable nuclei are _________.

a. Microwave, x-ray, gamma
b. Alpha, gamma, neutron
c. Beta, gamma, neutron
d. Alpha, beta, gamma

A

Selected Answer:

d. Alpha, beta, gamma

28
Q

Photons are_________.

a. Quantized electromagnetic energy
b. Massless
c. Electrically neutral
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

29
Q

The RBE ____________ with increasing LET.

a. increases to a maximum, and then decreases
b. increases
c. decreases
d. does not vary

A

a. increases to a maximum, and then decreases

30
Q

A new type of ionizing radiation has been discovered called Q-rays. In a test of 1 MeV Q-rays, a dose of 800 mGy will produce the same degree of cell killing as a 200 mGy dose of 250 kVp x-rays. The relative biological effectiveness of 1 MeV Q-rays

a. can’t be determined, because it depends on several additional factors that are not given.
b. is 0.25.
c. is 4.
d. is 16.

A

Selected Answer:
b. is 0.25.
Answers:

31
Q

The half-value layer is

a. the thickness of a medium that reduces the biological damage to half the value of some reference radiation
b. the thickness of a medium that attenuates half of the incident photons of a particular energy
c. the thickness of a medium that reduces the energy of incident charged particles by a factor of two
d. the thickness of a medium that attenuates half the incident photons, independent of energy

A

b. the thickness of a medium that attenuates half of the incident photons of a particular energy

32
Q

Which of these best describes beta radiation?

a. sparsely ionizing, straight path, large HVL
b. sparsely ionizing, jagged path, moderate range
c. densely ionizing, straight path, very short range
d. densely ionizing, jagged path, long range

A

b. sparsely ionizing, jagged path, moderate range

33
Q

The half-value layer is a more useful concept for ___________ because the depth at which any individual ________________ interacts with the medium cannot be predicted, but the statistical result of many interactions can be characterized.

a. photons; x-ray or gamma ray
b. charged particles; alpha or beta particle
c. heavy charged particles; alpha or proton
d. neutrons; neutron product

A

a. photons; x-ray or gamma ray

34
Q

Mechanisms by which ionizing radiation damages human cells include direct damage to the nucleus and ____________

a. Heating
b. Cytoplasm leakage
c. Production of free radicals
d. Electrical current imbalance

A

c. Production of free radicals

35
Q 
The dominant process by which sparsely ionizing radiations damage tissue is
\:	
a. Indirect Action
b. Direct action
c. Direct ionization
d. Recoil protons
A

a. Indirect Action

36
Q

The main interaction process(es) of neutrons in biologic matter are:

a. Compton scattering.
b. Coulomb interactions with orbital electrons.
c. Absorption resulting in the fission of heavy nuclei.
d. Scattering by hydrogen nuclei, resulting in recoil protons

A

d. Scattering by hydrogen nuclei, resulting in recoil protons

37
Q

An indirectly ionizing particle can cause biological damage by direct action.

a. True
b. False

A

a. true

38
Q

Direct action of radiation is the dominant process for

a. X-rays.
b. Neutrons and alpha particles.
c. Electrons.
d. Gamma rays.

A

b. Neutrons and alpha particles.

39
Q

he absorption of a neutron by a sodium nucleus, followed by the emission of a beta particle by the nucleus is an example of:

a. direct ionization
b. indirect ionization
c. direct action
d. indirect action

A

b. indirect ionization

40
Q

The dominant interaction mechanism of high LET radiations is

a. Direct action
b. Indirect action
c. Free radical production
d. Excitation

A

a. Direct action

41
Q

______ are considered to be the highest LET ionizing radiation from the choices listed.

a. X-rays
b. Protons
c. Beta particles
d. Alpha particles

A

d. Alpha particles

42
Q

Which of the following describes direct ionization?

a. liberation of a proton due to neutron scattering
b. the ejection of an atomic electron by a fast-moving beta particle
c. the photoelectric effect
d. pair production

A

b. the ejection of an atomic electron by a fast-moving beta particle

43
Q

What is the main reason for the difference in biologic effects caused by neutrons and photons?

a. The energy of the radiation.
b. The fact that the charged particles produced by neutrons are, for the most part, positively charged rather than negatively charged.
c. Differences in the LET of the energetic charged particles that are produced in the medium.
d. The fact that neutrons can interact with nuclei.

A

c. Differences in the LET of the energetic charged particles that are produced in the medium.

44
Q

Hydroxyl radicals damage biological targets by

a. causing chemical reactions, resulting in changes in the structure and/or function of important biomolecules.
b. knocking protons out of atoms.
c. causing excessive heating.
d. being absorbed by nuclei, resulting in the emissionof high energy photons.

A

a. causing chemical reactions, resulting in changes in the structure and/or function of important biomolecules.

45
Q

In the photoelectric effect, the photon is

a. scattered and the atom is excited
b. absorbed and the atom is excited
c. absorbed and the atom is ionized
d. scattered and the atom is ionized

A

c. absorbed and the atom is ionized

46
Q

Which photon processes are dominant in the context of diagnostic radiology?

a. Compton scattering and photoelectric effect.
b. Photoelectric effect and pair production.
c. Compton scattering and pair production.
d. Compton scattering and photodisintegration.

A

a. Compton scattering and photoelectric effect.

47
Q

Overkill occurs when:
Selected Answer:

a. the RBE is so high that all the cells die
b. the range of the ionizing radiation is so great that even cells at very large depths are killed
c. the ionizing radiation dose is too large
d. the LET is so high that more energy is deposited into each cell on the particle track than is required for killing a cell

A

d. the LET is so high that more energy is deposited into each cell on the particle track than is required for killing a cell

48
Q

The photon process that is most important for high diagnostic x-ray energies (>100 keV) is

a. Photoelectric effect
b. Compton scattering
c. Pair production
d. Photodisintegration

A

b. Compton scattering

49
Q

Pair production requires photons with energies greater than 1 MeV because

a. the rest mass of the proton is greater than 1 MeV
b. the rest masses of the positron and electron are each approximately 0.5 MeV
c. the binding energy of the nucleons must be overcome
d. none of the above

A

b. the rest masses of the positron and electron are each approximately 0.5 MeV

50
Q

Which of the following sequences is correctly ordered in terms of increasing LET (assuming incident particles of the same energy)?

a. alpha particles, electrons, protons
b. protons, electrons, alpha particles
c. electrons, alpha particles, protons
d. electrons, protons, alpha particles

A

d. electrons, protons, alpha particles

51
Q

A free radical is:

a. Any charged particle.
b. An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in the outer shell.
c. An atom with an even number of electrons.
d. A chemically stable atom.

A

b. An atom or molecule with an unpaired electron in the outer shell.

52
Q

In tissue, alpha particles have:

a. a short range and high LET
b. a short range and low LET
c. a long range and high LET
d. a long range and low LET

A

a. a short range and high LET

53
Q

Indirectly ionizing radiations

a. have no charge
b. interact via Coulomb interactions
c. cause ions to be produced by a variety of interactions with the medium
d. A and C

A

d. A and C

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