NME 2.17

Question 1

what happens when concentration of calcium is low?

Answer 1

• there is absorption by active transport

Question 2

what happens when concentration of calcium is high?

Answer 2

• absorbed through passive diffusion

Question 3

what carrier protein does calcium bind to?

Answer 3

• bind to carrier protein

- intestinal membrane calcium binding protein

Question 4

what protein does calcium bind to inside the cell?

Answer 4

• calcium binding protein

Question 5

what stimulates the absorption of calcium?

Answer 5

• derivative of vitamin D3

- parathyroid hormone

Question 6

which two mechanisms help with keeping cell concentration for calcium to be low?

Answer 6

• sodium/calcium exchanger at basolateral border

- primary active transport carried out by calcium-ATPase

Question 7

how does bile salts indirectly facilitate absorption of calcium?

Answer 7

• promotion formation of micelles

Question 8

what causes secretory diarrhoea?

Answer 8

• ion transport defect which cause over secretion and motility disturbances

Question 9

which type of diarrhoea does food poisoning cause?

Answer 9

• secretory diarrhoea

Question 10

how does bacteria of food poisoning cause diarrhoea?

Answer 10

• produce toxins binding to secreting crypts cells to increase intracellular cAMP
• stimulate massive secretion
• excessive activation of intrinsic neuron cause secretory diarrhoea

Question 11

how is secretory diarrhoea characterised?

Answer 11

• continuation with fasting

- high electrolyte concentration in stools

Question 12

how is osmotic diarrhoea characterised?

Answer 12

• cessation with fasting

- acidic and hyperosmotic stools

Question 13

what cause osmotic diarrhoea?

Answer 13

• mal-absorption
• high concentration of salts
• cause water to be transported to lumen