nonalignment and pan africanism

Question 1

Bandung conference

Answer 1

1955: meeting of Asian and African states
- Aimed to oppose neocolonialism
- Laid to groundworks for the nonaligned movement

Question 2

Belgrade Summit

Answer 2

1961
- First official nonaligned conference
- Attended by all members of Casablanca group, such as Algeria, Ghana, Guinea
- Not attended by Brazzaville group (tensions over Congo)

Question 3

Principles / policy of nonalignment

Answer 3

• Adopt an independent policy based on the coexistence of States with different political and social systems or should show a trend in favor of such a policy
• The country should be consistently supporting the Movements for national independence
• The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts;
• If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a Great Power, or is a member of a regional defense pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts;
• If it has conceded military bases to a Foreign Power the concession should not have been made in the context of Great Power conflicts.

Question 4

Ethiopia joins nonaligned movement

Answer 4

1961

Question 5

Nigeria joins nonaligned movement

Answer 5

1964

Question 6

African states in nonaligned movement increase from 1961 to 1973

Answer 6

Belgrade summit, 1961: 11/25 participants are African (44%)

Algiers conference, 1973: 41/75 participants are African (55%)

Question 7

Ghana’s role in nonalignment

Answer 7

KWAME NKRUMAAHHH

• 1958 Accra Conference of Independent African states where a foreign policy of nonalignment was decided

Question 8

CIAS

Answer 8

Conference of Independent African States (April 1958)
- Attended by 8 states: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Sudan, Liberia, Ethiopia, Ghana
- Only a vague reference to nonalignment and no mention of political unity
- Set the groundwork for the movement

Question 9

Accra conference

Answer 9

All African People’s Conference (December 1958)
- Attended by 200 delegates representing 50 parties, trade unions, independence movements
- Pledge to final, coordinated assault on colonialism and imperialism
- Suggests forming 5 federations to lead to a Pan-African commonwealth

Question 10

OAU founding

Answer 10

1963: Organization of African Unity formed in Addis Abada
- 32 Independent African leaders
- Addis Abada charter

Question 11

Addis Abada charter

Answer 11

Article 2:
- Promote unity and solidarity
- Defend sovereignty
- Eradicate “all forms of colonialism”
Article 3:
- Sovereign equality of all member states
- Peaceful settlement of disputes by negotiation
- Condemning political assassination and subversive activity

Question 12

Successes / Failures of the OAU

Answer 12

Successes:
- There was consensus against apartheid: they funded the ANC (SA), ZANU, and ZAPU
- Lobbied for sanctions against SA, Portugese rule in Angola

Failures:
- Split between Monrovia and Casablanca group, and split between USA and USSR supporters, mean that consensus could not be achieved t
- Noninterference policy: could not intervene in stopping military coups such as in Nigeria in the 80s, did not take action against Idi Amin’s Uganda (1971-79), who had many human rights abuses

Question 13

Ghana-Guinea union

Answer 13

Union of African States
- Formed in 1959: After France completely ceased aid to Guinea after their independence, Nkrumah gives a 10 billion pound loan to Guinea
- Aim: common currency shared by West Africa, allowed more members to join
- 1960: Mali joins

Question 14

Ghana-Guinea union collective security

Answer 14

July 1961

Question 15

Failures of Ghana Guinea union

Answer 15

Tried introducing other nations like upper Volta but couldn’t
Never actually achieved common currency

Question 16

How the Congo crisis affected Pan Africanism

Answer 16

1960: Belgian troops enter Congo postindependence
- PM Lumumba gets UN aid to get rid of Belgian troops but they dont stop the Katanga secession
- August 1960: Lumumba organises Pan African conference, asking for support in fighting secession
Split: Francophone Brazzaville states dont support action against Katangan secession but other states support it

Question 17

Casablanca conference

Answer 17

Jan 1961:
Opposition to Brazzaville group calling for stronger Unity

Question 18

Formation of Tanzania

Answer 18

1964: Tanganyika and Zanzibar Unite into Tanzania demonstrating some Pan African success

Question 19

Reasons Francophone states were so conservative

Answer 19

Francophone states were conservative because they:

Maintained strong ties with France (politically, economically, militarily)

Feared instability and ethnic fragmentation

Were led by moderate, elite-educated politicians

Favored non-intervention and gradual change, not radical Pan-Africanism

Question 20

Lumumba assassination

Answer 20

August 1960: Lumumba turns to USSR and CIA begins coup plans by sponsporing protests against him

Question 21

Overthrow of Nkrumah

Answer 21

USA was involved. Ghana seeked aid from US for Volta project, a hydroelectric dam

Funded by the USA to prevent Soviet influence, but Nkrumah remains socialist

1964: US slows funding for Volta to make Nkrumah unpopular

US supports coup (1966)