NonDeclarative Memory Flashcards
Non-declarative memory
● Non-declarative memory, also known as implicit memory, is memory without conscious effort or awareness
● Can be associative or non-associative*
Non- associative
learning (simple learning)
Changes in behavior that occur in response to repeated exposure
to a single stimulus (one stimuli)
- Habituation
- Sensitization
- Perceptual Learning
Associative
learning
Learning to associate one stimulus with anothe
- Classical Conditioning
- Instrumental Conditioning
Three Types of Simple Learning
Habituation
decreasing responses to a frequent but innocuous stimulus
Sensitization
increasing responses
to a noxious/ arousing stimulus
Perceptual learning
becoming better at processing/ recognizing a frequent stimulus
What Is Habituation?(-)
less aware
● A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior due to repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior
■ Example: socializing cats or dogs to a neighbor;
■ Example: orienting response in infants
● Some habituate faster than others
■ Example: Dr. Palombo’s acoustic startle response
Characteristics of Habituation?
● Habituation is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom.
● Across organisms, there are striking similarities in the way habituation works!
○ Dis-habituation
○ Stimulus specificity
○ Spontaneous recovery
○ Innocuous (weak) stimuli work better than strong
○ Short- and long-term forms (not discussed)
○ Spaced works better than massed (not discussed)
● Let’s look at some of these…
Characteristics of Habituation?
Dis-habituation: A novel/arousing stimulus can temporarily recover responses to the
habituating stimulus. This fades quickly, though.
Stimulus specificity: Generally, responses only decrease to the habituating stimulus (stimuli speciific)
Spontaneous recovery: When repeated stimulus stops, behavior gradually returns to normal.
Time for recovery depends on several factors
Weaker stimulus = more habituation: The stronger the stimulus, the less habituation develops.
* This ensures that weak/useless stimuli are ignored, but painful/important stimuli gain
more attention
What Is Sensitization?(+)
more aware
Sensitization is an increase in the strength or occurrence of a behavior due to exposure to an arousing or noxious stimulus. A conserved mechanism to increase responses to stimuli that are important
example
- Initial habituation to settle animals to a stable baseline
- Foot shock applied at dashed line to purple group only
- Sensitization: increased responding to start stimulus after shock(more sensitive to stimuli)
- pay more attention to the the stimuli
Characteristics of Sensitization
● Sensitization is also ubiquitous—found throughout the animal kingdom.
● Sensitization also shows a set of common characteristics:
○ Spontaneous recovery
○ Short- and long-term forms
○ Noxious (e.g., painful) stimuli work better than weak
○ More generalization, less stimulus specificity(big difference between habituation)
○ Can develop with just a single stimulus
Sensitization vs. Habituation
Habituation
__decrese__behavior
____decrese_stimulus
____increse_exposure
Stimulus specific
Sensitization
__increse_____behavior
___incrise____stimulus
___decrese____exposure
Generalizes
Altered Processing as Well
Repeated stimulus exposure also changes your ability to detect and perceive a stimulus. Such altered familiarity with the stimulus has several manifestations.
Perceptual learning: repeated experiences with a set of stimuli improve ability to
distinguish those stimuli
What is Perceptual Learning?
● Simply encountering a stimulus makes it increasingly easier to tell it apart from other stimuli. You’ve effortlessly learned many similar things:
○ Coke versus Pepsi, McDonald’s versus Wendy’s, and so forth.
○ Language! Subtly different sounds with very different meanings
Discrimination Training
With feedback, one can learn to tell even subtle differences in stimuli.
● Seems impossible? With practice and feedback, humans and other
animals can learn to make such fine distinctions.
● Exposure can also lead to priming—you like familiar stimuli better
(implications?)
Associative
learning
learning with 2 stimuli or more
What Is Classical Conditioning?
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning: a form of learning in which an animal acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming
important event
X predicts Y
(associative learning)
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
● Unconditioned stimulus (US): a cue that in the absence of training, naturally evokes a response ex:(dog food)
● Unconditioned response (UR): the naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
ex:(salivation)
● Conditioned stimulus: (CS) a cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)
ex:(bell/tune)
● Conditioned response (CR): the trained response to a conditioned
stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the
unconditioned stimulus (US) that
the CS predicts
ex:(salivation)
Appetitive and Aversive Conditioning
● Appetitive conditioning: conditioning in which the US is a desirable event (such as food delivery)
● Aversive conditioning: conditioning in which the US is a disagreeable event (such as a shock or an air puff to the eye)
Extinguishing an Old Association
● Extinction reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with another (i.e., breaking the US-CS relationship)
Compound Conditioning and Overshadowing
- Compound conditioning: conditioning in which two or more cues are present together, usually simultaneously, forming a compound CS
● Overshadowing: an effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength than does the less salient cue
and is thus more strongly associated with the US
ex: shoe and tone as us but it might happen that they see the shoe and have a stronger response then for the tune
What is Instrumental Conditioning?(operational conditioning )
● Instrumental or operant conditioning: the process whereby organisms learn to make or to refrain from making certain responses in order to obtain or avoid certain outcomes
○ How we learn about the consequences of our actions
Thorndike’s Studies of Animal Learning
Hypothetical data from a cat learning to escape from the puzzle box efficiently after a few experiences
What is Operant Conditioning?
Operant conditioning can be formulated as a three-part association
○ Stimulus→ S Response R → Outcome O
■ In the puzzle box, S is the box, R is the sequence of movements needed to open the door, and O is the escape
■ The S → R association is strengthened when R is followed by a desirable outcome O
What is Operant Conditioning?
S Stimulus > toddler crying
R Response > bring toddler in bed
O Outcome > toddler stops, I sleep
