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Child and Family Health > Normal and Abnormal Development > Flashcards

Normal and Abnormal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Define Median age vs limit age?

A

Median age: age when 50% of the population achieve a skill

Limit age: age when skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of children (2SD)

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2
Q

What are the 4 areas of gross development?

A

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

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3
Q

What are primitive reflexes? Name 5?

A

Reflex actions in newborns that must later be lost to allow development of particular skills

1) Sucking and rooting
2) Palmar and plantar grasp
3) Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
4) Moro reflex
5) Stepping and placing reflex

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4
Q

Describe the sucking and rooting reflex?

A

Baby turns to nipple and sucks

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5
Q

Describe the palmar and plantar grasp reflex?

A

Palm or sole will grasp something (origin as apes to hold onto trees)

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6
Q

Describe asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?

A

As the head is turned the arm and leg on the same side will extend while the opposite limbs bend

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7
Q

Describe the moro reflex?

A

When the neck falls back the arms come forward (evolutionary to grasp trees if feel like falling)

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8
Q

Describe the stepping and placing reflex?

A

When the soles of feet touch a flat surface they will attempt to walk by placing one foot in front of the other

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9
Q

Describe progression of gross motor skills?

A

6 weeks > 3 months = head control
6 months > 9 months= shoulders and hips
12 months onwards > feet and walking

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10
Q

Describe order of development of Gross motor skills?

A

Head control in vertical = 6 weeks
No head lag= 3 months
Arms pushed on prone and rolling= 6 months
Crawling and stands with support= 9 months
Cruises and first steps= 12 months
Runs and climbs= 18 months
Stairs – 2 feet/tread, overhand throw= 2yrs
Stairs – alternate feet= 3yrs
Hops and stairs like adult= 4yrs

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11
Q

To work out how a big a tower kids should be able to build?

A

3 x age

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12
Q

Important social development at 6 weeks?

A

Social smile

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13
Q

Describe order of development of Fine Motor and vision skills?

A

Follows torch= 6 weeks
Regards hands in midline= 3 months
Explores objects in mouth, transfers objects= 6 months
Raisin with thumb and index, uses index to point= 9m
Casting and banging toys= 12 m
3-4 tower and hand preference= 18 m
6-7 tower and circular scribble= 2 yrs
copies circle and cuts with scissors = 3 yrs
threads beads and draws a man with arms leg head and trunk= 4 yrs

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14
Q

Describe order of development of Language and hearing skills?

A

stills to voice= 6 weeks
laughs and coos= 3 months
screams when annoyed, tuneful babble= 6 months
polysyllabic babble, imitates adult sounds= 9 months
responds to name and jargons= 12 months
5-20 words and points to body parts= 18 months
Joining 2 words, 50+ words, simple instructions= 2yrs
knows name and sex, why phase= 3yrs
recounts stories 5+ word sentences= 4yrs

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15
Q

Describe order of development of social skills and play?

A

social smile= 6 weeks
pleasure at familiar situations= 3 months
friendly with strangers, plays with feet= 6 months
finds hidden object, anxious at strangers= 9 months
waves bye, drinks with cup= 12 months
feeds with spoon, imitates adult activities= 18 months
puts on hat and shoes, symbolic play= 2 years
vivid pretend play, understands sharing= 3 years
dresses and undresses, understands turn taking= 4yrs

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16
Q

What is developmental age of a child who has head control in vertical, can follow a torch, stills to voice and has a social smile?

A

6 weeks

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17
Q

What is the developmental age of a child with no head lag, regards hands in the midline, laughs and coos and shows pleasure at familiar situations?

A

3 months

18
Q

What is the developmental age of a child able to push arms up on prone and roll onto stomach, is exploring objects in mouth and transferring them from hand to hand, they scream when annoyed, have tuneful babble, play with feet and are friendly with strangers?

A

6 months

19
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who is crawling, can stand with support, can pick up a raisin with thumb and index and point with index, has polysyllabic babble, imitates adults sounds, finds hidden objects and is anxious with strangers?

A

9 months

20
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who cruises around furniture, has taken first steps, is casting and banging toys together, responds to name, jargons, waves bye and drinks from a cup?

A

12 months

21
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who climbs onto chair and runs, builds a tower of 3-4 blocks, has a hand preference, 5-20 words, points to body parts, feeds with a spoon and imitates adult activities?

A

18 months

22
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who can overhand throw, climb stairs 2 per tread, build a tower of 6-7 and draw a circular scribble, join 2 words together has 50+ words, can understand simple instructions, puts on hat and shoes and does symbolic play?

A

2 yrs

23
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who can ascend stairs alternating, ride a tricycle, copy a circle, cut with scissors, knows name and sex, why phase, vivid pretend play and understands sharing?

A

3 yrs

24
Q

What is the developmental age of a child who walks stairs like an adult, can hop, threads beads, draws a man with head limbs and trunk, recounts stories, sentences 5+ words, dresses and undresses and understands turn taking?

A

4 yrs

25
Q

Define Developmental Delay?

A

Failure to attain appropriate developmental milestones for child’s corrected chronological age

26
Q

One of most common causes of global developmental delay?

A

Downs Syndrome

27
Q

What is an example of deviation as opposed to a delay?

A

ASD

28
Q

What condition can cause regression and loss of skills as opposed to a delay?

A

Retts syndrome

29
Q

7 red flags for development

A

1) Asymmetry for movement
2) Not reaching for objects by 6 months
3) Unable to sit unsupported by 12 months
4) Unable to walk by 18 months (MUST check CK)
5) No speech at all by 18 months
6) Concerns re vision or hearing
7) Loss of skills

30
Q

Investigations of developmental delay?

A 
Chromosomes, FRAX & Oligoarray CGH
Neonatal PKU, thyroid studies, CK
If indicated:
  			- MRI brain
  			- EEG
  			- Metabolic studies
  			- Genetic consultation
  			- Others
31
Q

Genetics of duchenne muscular dystrophy?

A

X-linked disease that only effects boys

32
Q

Gower manoeuvre is a sign of what disease?

A

Duchennes muscular dystrophy

33
Q

What must you check in a boy not walking by 18 months? Why?

A

Creatinine Kinase
Worried about Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy
CK will be high

34
Q

What causes cerebral palsy? Is it progressive?

A

Caused by single insult on brain at some point in pregnancy or birth. It is therefore a non-progressive condition.

35
Q

What conditions could cause a specific delay or global?

A

Cerebral palsy

Any sensory deficiency e.g. oculocutaneous albinism, treacher collins.

36
Q

What fatal condition can cause a specific motor delay?

A

Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

37
Q

What gait may someone with cerebral palsy have?

A

In-toeing gait

38
Q

Other problems apart from motor children with cerebral palsy can get?

A

Learning difficulties, epilepsy, visual and/or hearing impairment, communication difficulties, feeding difficulties, sleep problems and behaviour problems

39
Q

What 3 things does oculocutaneous albinism effect?

A

Skin, hair and eyes (problems with vision)

40
Q

Describe treacher collins syndrome?

A

Deformities of ears, nose, cheekbones and chin
Gets progressively worse down generations
Complications include breathing problems, visual problems, cleft palate and hearing loss.

41
Q

What is the autistic triad?

A

Communication
Social interaction
Flexibility of thought/ Imagination

42
Q

How do you judge development in a premature child differently?

A

Up to 2 yrs of age you correct the calculations

So if a child is born 2 months early and is 6 months old you only expect them to be at stage of a 4 month old

Child and Family Health (9 decks)

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