Normal Cells and ECM

Question 1

What accounts for 50-60% of total cell volume

Answer 1

Cytosol

Question 2

Mitochondria

Answer 2

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place and it release energy in the form of ATP. Has its own genome

Question 3

RER

Answer 3

Makes proteins contains ribosomes

Question 4

SER

Answer 4

Produce lipids and detoxification reactions

Question 5

Golgi

Answer 5

Packages things from the ER to the surface

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

degrade macromolecules and extracellular materials. Contains hydrolases

Question 7

Peroxisomes

Answer 7

Contains catalase and detoxify H2O2 and break down fatty acids

Question 8

Cytoskeleton

Answer 8

Gives cell its shape. Made of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments and regulatory proteins

Question 9

What regulates assembly and disassembly of cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Calcium

Question 10

3 embryonic cell types

Answer 10

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 11

Ectoderm

Answer 11

Forms cephalic disc and neural tube. CNS and PNs, sensory epithelium and epidermis derived from this

Question 12

Mesoderm

Answer 12

Somites next to neural tube. CT, muscle, kidney, heart and blood vessels derived from this

Question 13

Endoderm

Answer 13

Flat disc by ectoderm. GI and respiratory epithelium, liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands derived from this

Question 14

How do cells interact

Answer 14

• Membrane pumps and enzymes
• Receptors
• Cell to cell connections
• Exocytosis
• Endocytosis

Question 15

Mechanisms for cell to cell interaction

Answer 15

• Autocrine
• Paracrine
• Endocrine

Question 16

Components of the ECM fall into what categories

Answer 16

• Structural
• Absorptive
• Adhesive

Question 17

Structural components of ECM

Answer 17

• Collagen

- Elastin

Question 18

Types of collagen

Answer 18

I- structural in most tissues
II- Cartilage component
IV- basement membranes

Question 19

Absorptive components of ECM

Answer 19

• Glycosaminoglycans

- Proteoglycans

Question 20

Adhesive components of ECM

Answer 20

• Fibronectin

- Laminin

Question 21

Fibronectin

Answer 21

Cell adhesin that links cell membrane integrins to ECM

Question 22

Laminin

Answer 22

Component of basement membranes that binds cell membrane integrins

Question 23

Components of intercalated disks

Answer 23

• Desmosomes
• Fascia adherens
• Gap junctions

Question 24

Damage to intercalated discs

Answer 24

Results in arythmia, ventricular hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy

Question 25

How are enterocytes linked

Answer 25

- Desmosomes - Adheren junctions - Gap junctions - tight junctions

Question 26

Damage to enterocyte tight junctions

Answer 26

Leaky intestines can cause loss of fluids and diarrhea as well as bactermia and hyper sensitivity due to antigen exposure as well as metabolic disorders

Question 27

Mechanisms of cell aging

Answer 27

- Altered gene expression - Telomere shortening - Progressive metabolic injury

Question 28

Morphology of aging cells

Answer 28

- Irregular nuclei - Vacuolated mitochondria - Reduced ER - Lipofuscin - Accumulation of metabolic products

Question 29

Apoptosis

Answer 29

Active process that remove damaged or unneeded cells through a programmed physiological cell death

Question 30

Apoptosis causes

Answer 30

- Patterned death during embryogenesis - Maintain balance in growing pop - removal of cells after they've done their job - Removal of self-reactive lymphocytes

Question 31

Mechanism of apoptosis

Answer 31

- Initiation phase | - Execution

Question 32

Initiation phase of apoptosis

Answer 32

Extrinsic: Fas-FasL pathway leading to procaspase 8 Intrinsic: loss of Bcl-2 and Bcl-x, mitochondria leak cytochrome C and Bax, Bak and Bim and activates procaspase 9

Question 33

Execution phase of apoptosis

Answer 33

After initiation caspases mediate the cleavage of structural and functional cell proteins causing cell death

Question 34

Pro-apoptotic proteins

Answer 34

- Bax, Bak, Bim | - Smac/DIABLO

Question 35

Anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 35

- Bcl-2 and Bcl-x | - IAP

Question 36

Apoptotic morphology

Answer 36

- Cell shrinkage - Condensation of cytoplasmic and nuclear components - Formation of membrane bound vesicles - no inflammation

Question 37

What can cause apoptosis

Answer 37

- Unrepaired DNA damage - Heat - Hypoxia - Viral infection - Physical pressure