Notatki Danniego part 2

Question 1

….basepairs in human DNA

Answer 1

3000 million

Question 2

Inherited characteristics:

Answer 2

• thought that it was nature vs nature for most characteristics
• recently found out environment can actually change how a gene is expressed

Question 3

Mendel works on peas:

Peas are …

Answer 3

hermaphrodites, so that they:

• can fertilize themselves
• differ in discrete attributes
  - > Yellow/green
  - > Round/wrinkled

Question 4

Branchydactyl -

Answer 4

short fingers

        - > doesn't skip generations
        - > 1/2 is affected

Question 5

Huntungton disease is recessive/dominant (pick one)

Answer 5

dominant

Question 6

Cystic fibrosis is recessive/dominant (pick one)

Answer 6

recessive

Question 7

Albinism does/does not skip generations (pick one)

Answer 7

it does

Question 8

Rice growing:

Answer 8

-> prone to lodging where rice falls over and drowns in the water
-> Cross breed a short grass with tall high yield rice
-> started the green revolution
(the rest may be on an essay)

Question 9

Pigs can harbor avian and human flu

Answer 9

• > may mix and create new recombinant strain of flu
• > swine flu is contracted by inhaling viral particles

H1N1 in 2009 was a mix all 3

Question 10

Incomplete Dominance -

Answer 10

• > usually, in mendelian genetics, one characteristic or allele is dominant to the other
• > sometimes a thir phenotype is expressed as a mixture of the two (incomplete dominance eg. pink flowers from crossing between white and red flowers)

Question 11

Codominance

Answer 11

• > a third phenotype is expressed but both of the dominant phenotypes are expressed fully, not mixed
  eg. brown and white spotted cow

Question 12

Sickle cell haemoglobin

Answer 12

A glutamic acid codon is replaced by a valine codon

• > changes shape of protein haemoglobin
• > changes 3D shape of red blood cell
• > substitution
• > haemoglobin clumps together
• > produces haemoglobin S instead of A

symptoms: circulatory problems, enlarged spleen, heart failure, brain damage, anemia

Question 13

Sex limitations:

Phenotypes that are only expressed in one gender

Answer 13

• > male Peacock has colour for tail

- > men have facial hair

Question 14

Multiple loci:

Phenotype that can be caused by changes in different loci:

Answer 14

• > autism caused by mutations at many different places

- > can cause different symptoms

Question 15

Gene interaction:

agouti mice

Answer 15

Agouti A dominant to black a
bb brown
brown with yellow fleck = cinnamon
Agouti hair has yellow fleces.
Example of epistasis: in albino mice dominance of agouti to black does not matter

Question 16

Complementation:

Answer 16

Two strains of an organism with different homozygous recessive mutations that produce the same mutant phenotype produce offspring with the wild-type phenotype when mated.

Question 17

Pleiotropy:

Answer 17

one gene has many phenotypes

-> sickle cell anaemia eg.

Question 18

Chromosome puff -

Answer 18

when the DNA is being transcribed

Question 19

most drosophila have ….. eyes,

…..eyes mutation

Answer 19

red

white

Question 20

Morgans anomalous result:

Answer 20

mated white females XwXw and red males XY

• > chromosomes didn’t split properly
• > triple x = death

Xw Xw XwXwX (dies) XwXwY (white female)

0 X0 (red male) 0Y (dies)

Question 21

factor VIII dark spheres

Answer 21

• > blood clotting
• > mutations in factor VIII will cause you not to clot your blood
  - > e.g. haemophilia
  - > sex linked recessive inheritance such as Victoria and the royal family; Also red green colour blindness

Question 22

Extra chromosome 21 -

Answer 22

down syndrome

-> any other big chromosome duplicated will result in death

Question 23

Barr body -

Answer 23

inactive chromosome

- half X chromosomes turned on/off in women (lyonisation)

Question 24

Blood types (who can receive what- have it in phol lectures I believe)

Answer 24

k

Question 25

gene interaction / sex limitation

Answer 25

Genes are there but only express themselves in a certain sex:

gene interaction:

1. male gene
2. tail gene

1+2 => Peacocks