Notatki Danniego part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Inversion -

A

A section of chromosome that has been rotated and replaced in position

  • > a loop must be made
  • > a chromosome with an inversion will be inherited as a block known as a supergene
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2
Q

translocation

A

Two nonhomologus chromosomes exchange parts

  • > part of the Y chromosome can attack on to the x chromosome
    - > gives XXy (x with a bit of y)
    - > this makes you a male but you cannot produce sperm
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3
Q

position effect variegation

A

drosophila white eye gene carried on chromosome

  • > gives red or white
  • > cam give white eyes with red patterns
  • > bit of the X chro0mosome has been translocated to another chromosome
  • > shows the way genes are turned on/off sped up/slowed down by other genes
    - > gene interaction
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4
Q

cancer

A
  • usually loss of tumor suppressor which codes for the gap in cell division so cell reproduce too quickly
  • can also have tumor accelerators
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5
Q

aneuploidy

A
  • > incorrect number of chromosomes
  • > malfunction in the formation of gametes can occur where both copies of the chromosome end up in one cell

95% of cases ?! (5% due to translocation)

  • > Down’s syndrome an extra chromosome 21 (shortest chromosome)
    - > flat face
    - > enlarged colon
    - > simple singerprints
    - > single palmer crease
    - >mental retardation
  • > a piece of 14 shifted on 21
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6
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

XXY - xx egg fertilised by a Y sperm

-> tall stature - slightly feminised physique - osteoporosis
-> female pubic hair, breast development - impaired IQ
1/500 males have Klinefelter

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7
Q

Turner syndrome

A

XO missing a chromosome

  • > short - sterile - skin folds - brawn spots
  • > heart issues - characteristic face
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8
Q

gynandromorph

A

male and female

  • > can be split down the middle
  • > can have two complete sets of genitalia
    - > or a mish mash that is nothing like genitalia at all
  • > can interact with genes that are associated with sex chromosomes
    - > eye colour on X chromosome for drosophila
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9
Q

HAPLODIPLOIDY IN BEES (18 STRONA OD NIEBIESKIEGO)

A

K

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10
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

spontenous naturally occuring genome doubling

diploid autotetraploid species
AA ———————————————————> AA AA
endoreduplication

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11
Q

Alloploidy

A

2 species hybridize and double chromosomes

AA \ allotetraploid
diploid = ————————————————->AABB
BB / Hybridization + endoreduplication

In wheat AA hybridized with BB. Then again with DD to give AABBDD hexaploid production wheat

  • > Also AABB crossed with Rye (RR) to give tritical
    - > An alloploid of emmer wheat and rye
    - > productive in cold climates
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12
Q

Triploidy can create sterile organisms

A
  • > seedless watermelons

- > oysters that can’t self-fertilize

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13
Q

Primate chromosomes

A
  • chromosome bands almost identical to Gorrilas, chimps and orangutans
    - > humans have slightly less
    - > human also have a fusion of chromosome 2 which other primates do not.
    - > near identical DNA sequences but split over 2 chromosomes
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14
Q

Asexual species tend to live in environmentally predictable places

A
  • > can rely on inversions of chromosomes

- > don’t need to change genome to adept

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15
Q

More sexual species live in … as they need to ….

A

environmentally harsh places

change and adapt quicker

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16
Q

Polyploidy could be the reason for dramatic changes in appearance of fish who have much more DNA then us

A

k

17
Q

… working genes on human genome

A

23,000

18
Q

Linkage:

Batson & Punnet

A

sweet pea 2 character cross

Purple Long pollen X red round pollen

  • Expected 9:3:3:1 in f2
    215: 71:71:24
  • What they got: 284: 21! : 21! :55 f2
    - > Parental excess
    - > Recombinant deficiency
  • Linkage
    - > Colour and pollen size are on the same chromosome
19
Q

Morgan’s test cross

?! check dominancy of these genes

A

+ = wild type

P1: purple vestigial X Red Normal
prpr vgvg pr+pr+ vg+vg+

F1: All red normal prpr+ vgvg+

Take f1 and mate with mutant fathers prpr vgvg
-> This is a TEST CROSS or BACK CROSS

20
Q

Morgan’s test cross exp

A

back cross:

sperm: prvg
egg: prvg, pr+vg, prvg+, pr+vg+

Expected:
1 purple vest : 1 red vest : 1 purple normal : 1 red normal
- 1000 flies - 250 of each follows mendels second law

Actual result:

1339      :       151 : 154         :     1195 parental       Recombinants       parental
21
Q

Repulsion cross

A

mutant & wildtype homozygotes in each parent

P1: pr+pr+ vgvg with prpr vg+vg+
F1: All double heterozygotes pr+pr vg+vg
Then Backcross with prprvgvg males

Expect f2 to be 1:1:1:1
But got:
146 : 465 : 1067 : 157
Recombinant Parental Recombinant

  • still shortage of recombinants!
22
Q

MAKE MITOSIS SCHEME

A

k

23
Q

Meiosis

A

2n n n
2n -> ->
2n n n

  • Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
  • usually a crossover per homologous pairs
  • centromers do not divide ii anaphase I but do at anaphase II
  • Every meiosis in females only makes 1 egg
    - > eggs are largest cell in body and too big to split
    - > males make 4 cells (sperm) from one cell
24
Q

Meiosis2

A
  • sister chromatids form tetrad in prophase of the first meiotic division
    (ZDJECIE)
  • this is accompanied by a breakage and rejoining og chromosomal material
    -> Cross over
    -> Swap, genetic material between parental & maternal chromosomes

Crossing over on the chromosome explains lack of recombinants in Morgans test

25
Q

Chiasma

A
  • Point where chromosomes crossover