Notatki Danniego part 7

Question 1

Inbreeding coefficient equation

Answer 1

f= EN (1/2)^n

f- inbreeding coefficient
N - number of paths
n - number of ancestors in the loop

In previous cause, 2 paths, red and blue

/// Wstawić schemat ///

Question 2

Brocher collie (?) inbreeding from 1930

Answer 2

• > bred from best collies (Dad with daughters, granddaughters…)
• > congenital myopathy passed on, hidden recessive allele
• > double recessive results in muscle atrophy / death in early life

Question 3

Polymorphic Anion afer (slugs) (?)

Answer 3

• Hermaphrodite, self-fertilisation (rarely)
• Lots of inbreeding (extreme inbreeding - self-fertilisation)
• Very little variation
• Self-fertilise more up (?)
  - > all black in Scotland
  - > environment is always the same, preferable characteristics are maintained in self-fertilisation

Question 4

VLINCLI in finland

Answer 4

• Finland has 33 recessive disease that are unknown anywhere else in the world. This is one of them
  - > result of inbreeding
  - > traced back to a man in 1691
• Over time, inbreeding brings rare alleles together

Question 5

Also an issue with British Pakistani population in England

Answer 5

• double child mortality rate of Northern Europeans

Question 6

Sequencing Y chromosome

Answer 6

• Mostly pseudo genes
• Lots of repeated sequences
• Doesn’t really recombine, only tips sometimes
• 3 million bp palindrome
• Rest is filled with inter (?)/ Ψ genes/ errors
• Also has mutation repair mechanism

SRY binds to DNA and distorts shape and regulates genes that control development of testes

High mutation rate => 1/15 man infertile/ subinfertile due to deletion on the Y chromosome

Question 7

Lamda people (?)

Answer 7

• 5ens (?) that migrated to south Africa
• Say they built Solomons temple - not true
• Lamda share Y chromosome haplotype with Coheroim (?), who descend from a group of junior priest from the temple (?

Question 8

70% of Spanian men (?) have genes that originated from middle east

Answer 8

-> Arabs moved to Spain - 2000 years ago and left over 500 years ago

Question 9

Rare surnames (Attenborough) share Y chromosomes

Answer 9

k.

Question 10

Variegated leaf- patterns of green & white

Answer 10

Mirabilis:
-> Main sheet variegated
-> Some all green branches
-> Some all white branches
- Take cuttings
Egg Pollen Progancy (?)
1. White Green White
2. White Variegated White
3. Green Variegated Green

         4. Variegated   Green            Mix. of green
         5. Variegated   White             White & variegated

1. , 2., 3., -> Maternal inheritance
2. , 4. -> Chloroplasts inherited -> endosymbiosis

Question 11

Neurosperm (bread mould) (?)

Answer 11

• crossed fokery (?) (flow growing) & normal strain
  - > maternal inheritance
  - > new strain grew slowly, mitochondria from maternal fokery strain

Question 12

Chamydomonas moewusii (?)

Answer 12

single cell alga with flagella ~ 10nm
MT+ - with mitochondria:

MT+ Parent MT- Parent Offspring
resistant Sensitive All resistant
sensitive Resistant All sensitive

Question 13

Chamydomonas moewusii (?) cont

Answer 13

• ABC & abc
• Changes in order of offspring
• Circular DNA in mitochondria
• Endosymbiosis
• Only 16,630 bp left in mitochonrial DNA as has moved to cytoplasm (?)

Question 14

Pathogens can invade eggs of ladybirds/butterflies

Answer 14

• kill males or get females to eat males
• because they’re only passed on down maternal line like mitochondria so don’t need males
• mitochondrial disease

Question 15

Mitochondrial disease pedigree

Answer 15

• Passed through mothers only (matrilineal to sons and daughters (?) )
• only daughters can pass on
• mostly deletions, smaller mitochondrial DNA will replicate more quickly and take over

Question 16

As someone ages, …. mitochondrial deletions & …. likely to develop disease

Answer 16

more & more
more

             - >  muscle weakness
             - > dropping eyelids

Question 17

3 parent child:

Answer 17

• mitochondrial DNA from a healthy female to the mother & father

Question 18

Population genetics:

Replace letters A and a in Mendel’s first experiment with numbers

Answer 18

0.5A 0.5a
A 0.5 0.25 0.25
a 0.5 0.25 0.25

*0.5 is the proportion of alleles that one big A little a (?)

Can change frequencies to be % of population

         0. 8       0.2 0. 8       0.64     0.16 0. 2       0.16     0.04

This is looking at a population now, not just one family

Question 19

General square + Hardy Weinberg equation:

Answer 19

General square:

    p        q p      p^2   pq q      pq     q^2

Hardy Weinberq equilibrium
p^2 + 2pq + q^2
(when p+q = 1)

Question 20

2 shipwrecks, 1 with 60 normal AA and another with 40 albinos aa (assume random mating)

Answer 20

=> 200 alleles total; 120 copies of a; 80 COPIES OF A

frequency of A = p = 120/200 = 0.6
frequency of a = q = 80/200 = 0.4

Hardy Weinberg after I generation:

AA Aa aa
p^2 2pq q^2
0.36 0.48 0.16

frequency of A = 0.36 + (0.48/2) = 0.6
frequency of a = 0.16 + (0.48/2) = 0.4

Allele frequencies haven’t changed but phenotype frequency does!

This equilibrium will stay the same now unless something comes to change it
-> movement/mutation

Max heterozygosity (2pq) is at p = 0.5 and q = 0.5

Question 21

What change a pop from H.W?

1)

Answer 21

1) Genetic drift and bottlenecks (random change)
- > Sampling error x genetic drift: the standard deviation of a population:

Sqrt of (pq/N)              
where N=number of individuals that reproduce

             ->  Shift is greatest when pq is large (p=q=0.5) or when N is small

Question 22

Inevitable that genetic drift will cause a population to diverge phenotypically/genetically

Answer 22

k

Question 23

The Harmonic Mean is bottlenecks (?)

Answer 23

• Harmonic Mean over K generations
  N1 generation I and so on:

K/ (YN1 + YN2 + …. 1/NK)

(?) FLUCTUATING POP: 100…

Arithmetic mean is 802 (4010/2)
Harmonic mean is 48

Question 24

Amish

(?)-What change a pop from H.W?

Answer 24

~ 400 Amish moved to U.S.A. - religous isolate
in 1850 existed in small, isolated colonies
By 1990 had grown exponentially
-> have families average of 8 children
-> 2014: 220,000 Amish
- Have unique genetic diseases prevalent now
-> Ellis - Van - Crevald syndrome

Similar on Tristan da cunks (?)

             - >  Started with pop of only around 5 people, by 1960 had pop of ~ 200
             - >  gene for retinal blasphema (eye cancer) present in one of the original settlers
             - >  this population has highest frequency of this gene in the world

Change to H.W?
2) (?) Migration

Question 25

What change a pop from H.W?

3) Positive assortive mating (like with like) (?)

Answer 25

3) Positive assortive mating (like with like)

Rhagoleths pumonella - Apple muggot fly - NA

   - >  Used to feed on howthorne (?)
   - >  Moved to apples
   - >  Now choose to mate with flies that grew up on same plant
   - >  Preference for scents
   - >  Also mate at different times of year
   - >  Has evolved this preference over just 100 years - Only mate with members of their species that are similar - In humans can be seen 'interacial marriage'
   - >  Admixtune (?) - Or seen in educational level
   - >  6-7x move likely to marry someone who didn't finish high school if you didn't finish high school
   - >  This effect has a greater effect now than interracial preference