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Notes from Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

HLA I

A

DP, DQ, DR

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2
Q

HLA I

A

A, B, C

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3
Q

Vitamine B12

A

1) Conversion of MMA to Succinyl Co-a. This is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.
2) Methyl transfer reaction to regenerate THF and produce methionine. (Methyl-folate and homocysteine to THF and methionine). This accomplishes two imporatnt things. First, in DNA synthesis, THF is used by thymidylate synthase to make dTMP from dUMP. Second, methionine is an essential amino acid, so regeneration is important for methionine salvage.

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4
Q

Circular DNA viruses

A

Hepadnavirus (HBV)
Papillomavirus (HPV)
Polyomavirus (JC virus, BK Virus)

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5
Q

DNA viruses (7)

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus
Papillomavirus
Polyomavirus
Poxvirus
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6
Q

RNA viruses (15)

A 
Reovirus
Picornavirus
Repevirus
Calcivirus
Flavivirus
TOgavirus
Retrovirus
Coronavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Filovirus
Arenavirus
Bunyavirus
Deltavirus
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7
Q

Herpesviruses

A 
DNA viruses:
HSV1 and 2
EBV (has reverse transcriptase)
VZV
CMV
HHV6, 7, 8
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8
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA Viruses:
HIV
HTLV

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9
Q

Parvoviruses

A

DNA Virus:

Parvoviruse B19

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10
Q

Enveloped DNA Viruses:

A

DNA Viruses:

  • Herpesvirues
  • Hepadnavirus (from ER)
  • Poxvirus

“HE POsed for HER”

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11
Q

Unenveloped RNA Viruses:

A

RNA Viruses:

  • Reovirus
  • Picornavirus
  • Hepevirus
  • Calcivirus

“HE CALled HEr RE-PI-tedly”

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12
Q

Sensitivity

A

% of positives that are true positives

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13
Q

Specificity

A

% of negatives that are true negatives

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14
Q

Innervation of foot dorsum

A

Superficial peroneal

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15
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment

A

Deep peroneal

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16
Q

Innervation of sole of the foot

A

tibial nerve

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17
Q

Innervaton of posterior compartment

A

Tibial nerve

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18
Q

Innervation of medial leg and medial foot

A

Saphenous nerve

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19
Q

Hydroxychloroquine AE

A

Irreversible retinopathy

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20
Q

MTX AE

A 
GI mucosa tox
Allopecia
Pancytopenia
Hepatotox
Pulmonary fibrosis
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21
Q

Benzodiazepine MOA

A
  • Anxiolytic, sedative hypnotic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxants
  • Modulate GABAa receptor Cl channel in CNS neurons to increase the frequency of opening. This hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes the neurons less-excitable.
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22
Q

Rubella eye complication

A

congenital cataract

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23
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis eye complication in newborn

A

inclusion body conjunctivitis

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24
Q

Bronchiolitis

A
  • Usually due to RSV
  • cold symptoms followed by wheezing, crackles, respiratory distress, sometimes apnea
  • peak at 3-5 days
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25
Whooping cough lung sounds
CTA
26
Parainfluenza
- RNA Paramyxovirus | - croup with barking cough and inspiratory stridor
27
Strep Pneumo
lobar pneumonia with rever cough and focal rales
28
Order of parts of heart tube
``` TA: Truncus arteriosus BC: Bulbus cordis PV: Primitive Ventricle PA: Primitive Atrium SV: Sinus Venosus ``` Work backwards from aorta/PV to SVC: TB VAS
29
Derivatives of heart tbe pars
TA: Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk BC: smooth parts of left and right ventricles PV: Trabeculated parts of R/L ventricles (Carnae) PA: Trabeculated parts of R/L atria (Pectinati) SV: Coronary sinus on left, smooth part of R. atrium (sinus venarum) Right common cardinal vein and rightanterior cardinal vein: SVC
30
HbF
alpha2 gamma2
31
HbA
alpha2 beta2 max around 1yr, majority at 4-5mo
32
Lateral leads
aVL, I, V5, V6
33
Inferior leads
II, III, aVF
34
Septal leads
V1, V2
35
Anterior Leads
V3, V4
36
Class 1A antiarrhythmics
Quinidine Procainamide Diisopyramide
37
Class 1B antiarrhythmics
Phenytoin Mexiletine Lidocaine
38
Class 1C antiarrhythmics
Flecainaide | Propafenone
39
CYP450 Inducers
``` Carbamazepine Ginseng Green vegetables OCP Phenobarbital Rifampin St. John's Wort ```
40
CYP450 Inhibitors
``` NSAIDs incl. tylenol Antibiotics/antifungals Amiodarone Cimetidine Cranberry juice Omeprazole Thyroid hormone SSRIs ```
41
Vitamin K dependent clotting factors
``` 2 7 9 10 Protein C and S ```
42
Mechanism of isoniazid resistance
mutation or non-expression of M. TB catalase peroxidase enzyme (activate INH) or by alteration of INH bindin gsite on mycolic acid synthesis enzyme
43
Mechanism of ethambutol function
inhibit synthesis of mycobacterial cell wall (arabinosyltransferase enzyme)
44
Mechanism of isoniazid function
Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
45
Mechanism of rifampin activity
Inactivates DNA-dependent RNA polymerase needed for RNA elongation
46
MOAs of TCA's
``` Main: SNRI Side Effects: - Block Na channels (fast) - Peripheral antimuscarinic - Peripheral anti (alpha 1) adrenergic) - Antihistamine (H1) ```
47
Duloxetine
SNRI | can cause confusion
48
Terbinafine MOA
Terbinafine is hypothesized to act by inhibiting squalene monooxygenase, thus blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This inhibition also results in an accumulation of squalene, which is a substrate catalyzed to 2,3-oxydo squalene by squalene monooxygenase. The resultant high concentration of squalene and decreased amount of ergosterol are both thought to contribute to terbinafine's antifungal activity.
49
Finasteride MOA
Inhibition of 5 alpha reductase (reduce production of DHT from testosterone)
50
Infliximab
anti-TNFa antibody
51
Imatinib
anti-BCR-ABL molecule
52
Abciximab
anti-GP2b3a inhibitor
53
Succinylcholine
depolarizing neuro muscular blocking agent that binds nAChRs
54
Atracurium
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent
55
Dantrolene
blocks RyR receptors
56
aortic murmur best heard
left sternal border in 3rd of 4th intercostal space
57
tubocurarine
blocks skm nicotinic receptors, induce paralysis, causing autonomic ganglia blockade as AE
58
acute rejection occurs when
1-4 weeks posttransplant
59
histopath of acute rejection
cell-mediated, dense infiltrate of mononuclear T-cell lymphocytes, mediated by t lymphocyte sensitization against graft mhc antigen presentation
60
histopath of chronic rejection
scant inflammatory cells and intersitital fibrosis, mediated by b and t lymphocytes, antibodies, occuringyears following transplant (or months)
61
how do fibrates cause gallstones
inhibition of cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase, which is needed to make bile acids (rate-limiting step)
62
what does beta glucuronidase do
deconjugates bilirubin, so bilirubin can precipitate with calcium to make stone
63
Pthrp is associated with
squamous cell cancers renal and bladder cancer ovarian and endometrial cancer breast cancer
64
NE acts at
alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors, very little beta 2 activity | major effect is alpha 1 vasoconstriction
65
labetalol MOA
reversible competitive antagonist of alpha1, beta1, and beta2
66
Phenoxybenzamine MOA
irreversible alpha1 and alpha2 antagonists
67
Phentolamine MOA
reversible, competitive alpha adrenergic antagonist
68
Propranolol MOA
nonspecific beta adrenergic antagonist

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