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Geo > November 2020 > Flashcards

November 2020 Flashcards

1
Q

What are contour lines?

A

Line join all points that are the same height above sea level

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2
Q

Horizontal?

A

Ground level

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3
Q

High oblique?

A

Horizon

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4
Q

Low oblique?

A

No horizon

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5
Q

Weather?

A

Daily condition of atmosphere at a particular place and time.

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6
Q

Climate?

A

Average weather in a place over many years

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7
Q

What are the elements of weather?

A 
Temp of air
Atmospheric pressure
Wind direction/strength
Humidity
Clouds
Sunshine
Precipitation
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8
Q

Temperature?

A

Thermometer
Max and min thermometer

*C

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9
Q

Humidity?

A

Hygrometer

%

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10
Q

Rainfall?

A

Rain gauge

mm

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11
Q

Wind speed?

A

Anemometer

Km/hour

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12
Q

Direction?

A

Wind vane

Points of compass

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13
Q

Cloud cover

A

Observation

Eighths of a circle

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14
Q

Factors influencing Namibia’s climate?

A

Latitude
Altitude
Distance from sea
Ocean currents

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15
Q

Latitude?

A

Temps decrease from equator to north and south poles

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16
Q

Altitude?

A

Temp drops with height: 1*C for every 100m increase in height.

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17
Q

Distance from sea, ocean currents?

A

Heat from sun heats water, currents mis warm water and cool water. Sea warm up slowly, cool down slowly. Land heats/cools quicker than sea. Places near sea have moderate climate. The more inland, more extreme climate; summers very hot, winters very cold.

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18
Q

Ocean currents?

A

Cool air above them. This air blows over land as wind. When currents flow near coastline, have effect on climate.

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19
Q

Cold Benguela current?

A

Lowers temps along coast
Less rainfall along W namibia
Fog along coast (30-60km inland)

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20
Q

High pressure system?

A

Warm, dry, sunny, cloudless
Sinking, descending
Khalahari HP
South Atlantic HP

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21
Q

Low pressure system?

A

Cool, cloudy, changeable weather with rain.

System rising

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22
Q

Land and sea breezes?

A

Day, lands heats more quick than sea. Air above land forms small, local area LP. Air over sea remains cool, area HP forms above. Sea breeze blows blows towards coast during day, brings low cloud/shower of rain. Night, land cools more quick, opposite happens. Land breeze to sea.

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23
Q

Valley and mountain breezes?

A

Day, sun heats sides more than floor valley (angles sun’s rays, floor,slopes) warm air rising at sides - valley breeze.

Night,sides cool more quickly than floor, wind direction reverses as cooler, denser air sinks toward valley floor - mountain breeze.

When valley breezes, hold enough moisture, cumulus clouds -> rain

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24
Q

Berg winds?

A

Air from Kalahari HP system over plateau moves westwards to coast, where air pressure lower. Air flows down escarpment. +1*C for every -100m. Results in sudden increase in temp along coast

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25
Q

Pollution?

A

Putting dangerous chemicals into water and air that plants, animals and humans use.

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26
Q

Deforestation?

A

Removal of trees by humans

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27
Q

Desertification?

A

When fertile land becomes a desert as a result of droughts, deforestation or bad farming methods

28
Q

Bush encroachment?

A

Grazing grass replaced with invasive bush

29
Q

Causes of bush encroachment?

A

Overgrazing
Drought
Burning veld, rain expected, not come

30
Q

Effects of bush encroachment?

A

Take over, animals can no longer graze in area

Neither humans animals can pass through area

31
Q

Population explosion?

A

Increase in population at very fast rate

32
Q

What are the effects of a population explosion?

A

Not enough food
Not enough fresh water
Overcrowded

33
Q

Water population causes/efects

A

Cause: sewage/oil tankers
Effects: diarrhea, cholera, typhoid

34
Q

Land pollution causes/effects?

A

Causes: deforestation, agriculture, mining, landfills
Effects: loss fertile soil, affect crop growth (human health), rubbish burnt

35
Q

Air pollution causes/effects?

A

Causes: burn fossil fuels, mining, damage of ozone layer
Effects: breathing problems, global warming, depletion of ozone layer, acid rain

36
Q

Deforestation preventions?

A

Plant more trees
Use less paper
Use recycled paper

37
Q

Desertification preventions?

A

Government introduce policies control types of farming, how in affected areas.
Farmers educated about problem, how prevent
Rehabilitation efforts

38
Q

Overgrazing preventions?

A

Government control nr animals on area land
Rotational grazing
Educate how manage farming, land not overgrazed

39
Q

Pollution preventions?

A 
conserve E, turn light off when leave
Waste right bin
Reusable bags
Public transport
3 R’s
40
Q

What causes plates to move?

A

Slow convection currents flow in mantle, force act on plates and push plates away from each other, where currents sink, plates collide.

41
Q

Mountain ranges?

A

Collide, material pushed up along plate boundary from mountains

42
Q

Oceanic trenches?

A

Converge, oceanic under continental deep trench along seabed along subduction zone.

43
Q

Mid oceanic ridges?

A

Plates diverge in middle of ocean. Magma rises from mantle, forms fresh crust along plate boundary.

44
Q

How are mountains formed?

A

When 2 plates converge, layers rock laid between are lifted up. Rock compressed and squeezed.

45
Q

Negative impact of volcanoes?

A
  • killed/injured by volcanic bombs/falling ash
  • flowing lava/ash burn/bury people, vegetation, buildings
  • poisonous gasses can kill people/animals
  • ash clouds damage aircraft, visibility poor, unsafe to fly
46
Q

What are the positive effects of volcanoes?

A

Farming: lava weathers into rich, fertile soil
Tourism: fantastic scenery
Heating and electricity: underground water in volcanic regions warm enough to use for heating systems and electricity generation.

47
Q

What are all the types of mechanical weathering?

A

Heat
Exfoliation
Frost shattering

48
Q

What are all the types of chemical weathering?

A 
Hydration
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carbonation
Minerals dissolved

Plants and animals

49
Q

Hydraulic action?

A

Flowing water has energy
Move all loose material in path
Weakens solid rock by forcing into cracks

50
Q

Abrasion?

A

Rocks, stones scrape sides of valley, water flows downstream

Pothole: fast flowing river cause rocks, pebbles spin round and round, hole warn away in rock

Waterfall: hard rock with soft layer underneath, soft rocks erodes away more quickly -> undercutting.
At base, water erodes deep hole, plunge pool

51
Q

Ocean?

A

Waves erode softer rock, hard rock resists erosion->coastline, headlands face sea.

52
Q

Where mahangu?

A

Low rainfall, sandy soil

North central and Kavango region

53
Q

Where maize?

A

Irrigation: hardap irrigation project
Etunda in omusati
Kavango regions

Rain-fed: maize triangle tsumeb, otavi and grootfontein. Omaheke, zambezi

54
Q

Stock farming?

A

Keeping of domestic farm animals

55
Q

What are the two biggest stock farming breeds?

A

Beef cattle and Karakul

56
Q

What is the effect of the cold Benguela current on fishing?

A

Wells up against coast, brings nutrient rich water from depths of Atlantic ocean. Stimulates growth of microscopic marine organisms, food for fish, food for bigger fish.

57
Q

What is the size of the exclusive economic zone?

A

200 nuetical mile

360km

58
Q

Diamond mining?

A

First: 1908, railway worker along Luderitz to Keetmanshoop line

1990 Consolidated diamond mines - Namdeb (De Beers and Namibian Government)

59
Q

Road transport?

A

44500 km
7000 tarred
37000 gravel

60
Q

Rail transport?

A

TransNamib

61
Q

Air transport?

A

Air Namibia

62
Q

Ocean transport?

A

Walvis Bay and Luderitz

63
Q

Why does Namibia attract tourists?

A

Magnificent scenery with some unusual geological features
Wildlife
Reputation of conservation and ecotourism

64
Q

What are three factors influencing distribution?

A

Relief: flat ground easy to build and farm
Resources for industry: regions that have few mineral and agricultural resources, and poor energy sources do not encourage large population
Socio-economic factors: farm: few work oppertunities

65
Q

Types of migration?

A 
Internal
External
Emigration
Immigration
Voluntary
Forced
Refugees
Displaced people
Internally displaced people
Permanent
Temporary
66
Q

Vegetation?

A

Depends on amount rainfall, as well as average temps

67
Q

Highways?

A

Trans-Kalahari

Trans-Caprivi

Geo (8 decks)

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