NSC 101 REVIEWER Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the earth, associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth
A
endogenic processes
2
Q
internal structure of earth: thinnest layer, composed of solid rocks
A
crust
2
Q
three main sources of heat
A
planet creation, frictional heating, heat from the decay of radioactive elements
2
Q
internal structure of earth: thickest layer, mostly solid
A
mantle
3
Q
internal structure of earth: innermost layer, composed of iron and nickel
A
core
4
Q
2 types of crust: older, less dense
A
continental crust
5
Q
2 types of crust: younger, denser
A
oceanic crust
6
Q
2 types of mantle
A
upper and lower
7
Q
2 types of core: liquid layer
A
outer core
8
Q
2 types of core: solid ball of metal
A
inner core
9
Q
made up of crust and the uppermost part of the mantle
A
lithosphere
10
Q
partially molten layer of the mantle that lies below the lithosphere, responsible for lithospheric plates
A
mantle
11
Q
geological process by which magma forms and intrudes into the Earth’s crust often resulting in the formation of igneous rocks
A
magmatism
12
Q
processes that lead to melting of rocks
A
decompression melting, addition of volatiles, heat transfer
13
Q
a molten rock material found beneath the earth’s surface
A
magma
14
Q
eruption of molten rock called magma onto earth’s surface through a vent, driving force is the plate tectonic motion
A
volcanism
15
Q
visible manifestation of the process of rock formation
A
volcano
16
Q
funnel shaped depression where material are ejected from a volcano
A
crater
17
Q
a process which rocks change in shape, size, loc, tilt, and break due to squeezing, stretching, or shearing
A
deformation
18
Q
a force applied per unit
A
stress
19
Q
types of differential stress: forces are directed towards each other but not along the same axis, causing masses of rock to slip
A
shear stress
20
Q
types of differential stress: tensional stress
A
force is directed away from each other, stretching of rocks causes elongation
21
Q
types of differential stress: force is directed towards each other, squeezing of rocks causes shortening
A
compressional stress
22
Q
rock formations that result from the deformation of earth’s crust due to tectonic forces
A
folds
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types of folds: fold bends downward, with the youngest rock layers at the center and the older rock layers on the outside
syncline
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types of folds: fold arches upward, with the oldest rock laters at the center and the younger rock layers on the outside
anticline
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types of folds: a fold in which the rock layers are tilted in one direction, creating a step-like formation
monocline
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types of folds: one limb is tilted beyond the vertical, resulting in the older rock layers being on top of the younger rock layers
overturned
27
process that changes pre-existing rocks into a new form due to increase in temp, pressure, and chemically active fluids. changes include formation of new minerals, increase in grain size, and modification of texture
metamorphism
28
Essence in learning about endogenic processes
understanding geological history, managing natural resources, predicting natural hazards, enhancing infrastructure
29
process by which rocks, solid, and minerals are broken down into smaller pieces and transformed over time
weathering
30
a geological process by which sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
deposition
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wearing away and removal of rock and soil by natural agents to form new landforms
erosion and transport
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physical breakdown of rocks and minerals without any change to their chemical composition
mechanical weathering
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breakdown of rocks and minerals through chemical reactions
chemical weathering
34
outer layers of rock are stripped from the surface due to changes in temp and pressure
exfoliation
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water enters cracks and crevices in rocks and freezes, causing water to expand and cracks widen, causing the rock to break apart
frost wedging
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expand when heated and contract when cooled. can cause the rock to stress, leading to cracks
thermal expansion
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types of mechanical weathering: caused by the growth of salt crystals within the pore spaces of rocks
salt wedging
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types of mechanical weathering: plant roots grow into cracks and crevices in rocks. as they grow, they exert pressure on the rocks making it break
root wedging
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types of mechanical weathering: when rocks collide against each other while transported by water, wind, etc.
abraison
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occurs when plant roots grow into cracks and crevices in rocks.
root wedging
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when rocks are heated and cooled repeatedly due to changes in temperature.
thermal expansion
40
caused by growth of salt crystals within the pore spaces of rocks
salt wedging
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types of chemical weathering: when minerals dissolve in water or acid
dissolution
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types of chemical weathering: when minerals react with water to form new minerals
hydrolysis
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types of chemical weathering: when minerals react with oxygen in the air
oxidation
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types of chemical weathering: caused by action of plants, animals, and microorganisms
biological weathering
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types of chemical weathering: when minerals absorb water molecules into their crystal structure
hydration
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types of chemical weathering: when rocks collide against each other while they are transported by water, wind, etc.
carbonation
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the same natural laws and processes that operate in the present have always operated in the past, understands the earth's past by studying the processes that shape it today
uniformitarianism
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who made uniformitarianism
James Hutton
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study of rock layers and their relationship to one another, analysis and interpretation of physical and chemical properties of rocks in order to reconstruct the geologic history of an area
stratigraphy
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gap or break in the geological record where rock layers are missing dur to erosion, non-deposition, or deromation, provides info about geological history
unconformity
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provides an actual age or range of ages for rocks and fossils
absolute dating
50
determining the relative order of past events without necessarily determining their absolute age, makes use of strata or stratum, observes the steno's laws of stratigraphy by nicolas steno
relative dating
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steno's laws of stratigraphy: when the lower stratum was being formed, non of the upper strata existed. if unidisturbed, oldest rock is at the bottom
law of superposition
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steno's laws of stratigraphy: sedimentary rocks are always deposited in horizontal layers
law of original horizontality
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steno's laws of stratigraphy: the layers of rock are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition or until they are acted upon by agents after the deposition
law of lateral continuity
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steno's laws of stratigraphy: any rock, fault, or structure that cuts another rock or structure is younger than the rock or structure it cuts
law of cross cutting relationships
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absolute dating: an unstable radioactive isotope
parent isotope
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absolute dating: stable isotope produced by radioactive decay
daughter isotope
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absolute dating: time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay
half life
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a system of chronological measurement that relates geological strata to time
geologic time scale
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time spans: 10,000 to 2,000,000
age
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time spans: 2 million - 5 million
epoch
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time spans: 10 million to 900 million years
period
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time spans: 100 million to 1billion years
era
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time spans: 1 billion years to 10 billion years
Eon
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subdivision of precambrian: from the greek word hades which means underworld, reflects the extremely harsh conditions on earth, first soldi crust
hadean
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subdivision of precambrian: plate tectonics allowed crustal building and the formation of volcanic belts and sedimentary basins, fossil remains of microscopic algae and bacteria
archean
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subdivision of precambrian: rifting of the continental crust and subsequent filling with sedimentary and volcanic rocks
proterozoic
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eon of visible life
phanerozoic eon
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phanerozoic eon: beginning of life by the sudden complex organisms, pangea continent
paleozoic era
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paleozoic era: had the age of fishes and large areas of swamps flourished which would become the coal deposits
devonian period and carboniferous period
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phanerozoic eon: age of the dinasaurs, mass extinction
mesozoic era
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phanerozoic eon: age of recent life or mammals, continents were fully separated, prehistoric humans began to emerge
cenozoic era
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the epoch, era, and eon we are now living in
holocene epoch, quaternary period of the cenozoic era, of the phanerozoic eon
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a naturally occurring event of phenomenon, may escalate into a natural disaster
natural hazard
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such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
geological or geophysical hazards
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ways of decreasing the damages that would be involved
hazard mitigation
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this act transforms the Philippines' disaster management system from disaster relief and response towards risk reduction
RA No. 10121 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010
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hazards by earthquakes: deformation on the ground that marks the intersection with the earth's surface
ground rapture
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hazards by earthquakes: phenomenon where sediments behave like liquid similar to quicksand
liquefaction
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hazards by earthquakes: disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake
ground shaking
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hazards by earthquakes: downward slope movement of rocks
earthquake induced landslide
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hazards by earthquakes: series of waves caused by earthquake under the sea
tsunami
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scale to use to measure the energy released at the source of the earthquake (magnitude)
ritcher's magnitude scale
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intensity measures the strength of shaking produced by the earthquake
mercallis's intensity scale
80
consistent reversal of wind pattern affecting a large area over a period of several months
monsoon
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monsoon from november to feb
amhian
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monsoon from may to oct
habagat
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rotating clumn of air
tornado
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rapid spiraling storms, low-pressure center, intensely strong winds
storm system
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typhoons in tropical region
tropical cyclones
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tornado in northwest pacific
typhoons
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tornados in atlantic and northeast region
hurricanes
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land and seas bordering the shoreline
coastal areas
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3 things that cause coastal hazards
waves, tides, and coastal erosion
89
high and low ___ are cause by the moon
tides
90
sediments are submerged under water and eventually replaced back to its original location
submersion
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the process of removing sediment
erosion
92
from the hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament
genesis
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hindu text, describes the universe as an infinitely oscillating place, in which a cosmic egg will expand and collapse again
rigveda or brahmanda
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the universe is made of tiny particles called atom
atomic universe by leucippus and democritus
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cosmogony was more focused on the role of mind and intellect, known as "nuos". everything is made of infinitely indivisible particles called "nuos" or "nuos matter"
primordial universe by anaxagoras
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the earth is the center
geocentrism by aristotle and ptolemy
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universe as static, steadily stable, and infinite
newtonian model
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the sun is the center
heliocentrism by nicolas copernicus
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universe is filed with swirling vortices of matter
cartesian vortex by rene descartes
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universe as static, dynamically stable
einstein's model
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emergence of the universe from an extremely high temperature called a singularity 13.8 billion years ago
big bang
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the universe expanded but did not change density; matter was inserted as it grew
steady state theory
99
universe expands and then contracts due to the pull of its gravity; big bang and big crunch
oscillating universe by einstein
100
incorporates a short, early period of exponential cosmic inflation to solve the horizon and flatness of the standard big bang theory
inflationary model
101
several or infinite universes called bubbles
multiverse
102
a rouge star passed close to the sun which fragmented into planets. explains why planets revolve in the same direction and why inner planets are denser than outer planets
encounter hypothesis
103
a whole solar system starts as a large cloud gas that contracts under self gravity
nebular hypothesis
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a dense interstellar cloud produces a cluster of stars
protoplanet hypothesis
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planets in this zone are neither too hot nor cold, just the right conditions for life
goldilocks zone
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small solid objects that form in the early stages of the solar systems and are the building blocks of planets
planetisimals
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a requirement for life, from volcanisms and icy meteors
liquid water
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a requirement for life, internal heating from the core and external heating from the sun
heat source
108
solid earth, naturally occuring rocks, contains geographic landforms
geosphere
108
a requirement for life, protects the earth from too much heat
atmosphere
109
totality of the earth's water
hydrosphere
110
a mixture of all gasses, the most abundant is nitrogen at 78%
atmosphere
111
contains all life forms on earth
biosphere
112
lowest layer of the atmosphere, contains most of the mass, and is where weather occurs
troposphere
113
contains the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters UV radiation
stratosphere
113
naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered internal structure
minerals
114
where most meteoroids burns up upon entering the atmosphere
mesosphere
115
thin air but absorbs high energy, uV rays, and contains the aurora borealis
thermosphere
115
extends into space, outermost layer
exosphere
116
not made from living organisms
inorganic
116
form through natural geological processes
naturally occurring
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are solid at room temperature
solid
118
a specific repeating arrangement of atoms
ordered internal structure
118
each mineral has a specific chemical formula
definite chemical composition
119
major rock forming minerals, most abundant group in the earth's crush, 90%
silicates
119
precipitate out of water near earth's surface
sulfates
120
presence of carbonic ion, bonded to calcium or magnesium
carbonates
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metal cations bonded to oxygen ions
oxides
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common ore minerals, metal forms a high proportion of them
sulfides
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composed of halogen elements with metals and forms halite rocks
halides
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physical properties of minerals: arrangement of atoms
shape/crystal form
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consists of single metals like copper and gold
native metals
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physical properties of minerals: tendency to break
cleavage
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physical properties of minerals: separation in the rock
fracture
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physical properties of minerals: shininess
luster
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physical properties of minerals: reflected wavelengths of light
color
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physical properties of minerals: color of powder
streak
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physical properties of minerals: weight or specific gravity
density
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physical properties of minerals: resistance to scratching or abraision
hardness
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physical properties of minerals: naturally occurring coherent aggregate of minerals
rocks
133
from solidified molten rock material
igneous
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aka volcanic rocks, formed outside the volcano
extrusive
135
aka plutonic rock, formed inside voclano
intrusive
136
forms from sediments
sedimentary
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sediments are deeply buried
compaction
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new minerals stick the grains together
cementation
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sediments under pressure expel connate fluids gradually becoming a solid rock
lithification
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form from pre existing rocks
clastic
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lithify from the remains of organisms, both plants and animals
organic
142
dissolved minerals precipitate and lithify, present in caves
chemical
143
formation of distinct sedimentary layers
bedding
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pre-existing or parent rocks altered by heat and pressure
metamorphic
145
platy surfaces or wavy alignments of light and dark minerals
foliated metamorphic
146
absence of platy surfaces or wavy alignments of light and dark minerals
non-foliated metamorphic
