NSE121 Review Material

Question 1

The loss of the ability to perform self care or activities of daily living is known as…?

Answer 1

Functional Decline

Question 2

How is deconditioning different from functional decline?

Answer 2

Deconditioning involves physiological changes following a period of inactivity, bed rest, or sedentary lifestyle

Question 3

What is the difference between body alignment and muscle tone?

Answer 3

Body alignment refers to the relationship of one body part to another body part along a horizontal or vertical line. Correct alignment involves positioning in such a way that no excessive strain is placed on a person’s joints, tendons, ligaments, or muscles, thereby maintaining adequate muscle tone and contributing to balance. Muscle tone is the internal state of muscle tension within an individual muscle or muscle groups.

Question 4

What is the difference between and isotonic and isometric contraction?

Answer 4

Isotonic exercises cause muscle contraction and changes in muscle length (i.e., walking, swimming, dance aerobics, jogging, bicycling, and moving arms and legs with light resistance). Isotonic exercises enhance circulatory and respiratory functioning, increase muscle mass, tone, and strength; and promote osteoblastic activity (activity by bone-forming cells) to combat osteoporosis.
Isometric exercises involve tightening or tensing muscles without moving body parts. Isometric exercises are especially helpful to people who are recovering from injuries or procedures that limit their range of motion.

Question 5

What 5 functions are performed by the skeletal system?

Answer 5

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

Question 6

Define Proprioception

Answer 6

the awareness of the position of the body and its parts

Question 7

What is a congenital abnormality?

Answer 7

Congenital abnormalities affect musculoskeletal alignment, balance, and appearance (i.e., scoliosis)

Question 8

What are the four components in mobility assessment?

Answer 8

1. ROM
2. Gait
3. Exercise
4. Activity Tolerance

Question 9

What is a contracture?

Answer 9

A permanent shortening of a muscle followed by the eventual shortening of associated ligaments and tendons. Over time the joint becomes fixed in one position, and the patient loses normal use of it.

Question 10

The force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move is called…?

Answer 10

Shear

Question 11

What are the five stages of lifestyle change?

Answer 11

1. Pre-contemplation
2. Contemplation
3. Preparation
4. Action
5. Maintenance

Question 12

What is the difference between hemiplegia and hemiparesis?

Answer 12

Hemiplegia is muscle paralysis; hemiparesis is muscle weakness

Question 13

What are joints?

Answer 13

Connections between the bones; each joint is classified according to its structure and degree of mobility. Joints are classified as four types: synarthrotic, cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

Question 14

What is a pressure injury?

Answer 14

Localized to skin and underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, shear, or friction, or a combination of these factors and is affected by moisture, nutrition, perfusion, and comorbidities

Question 15

What are the six subscales of measurement for the Braden scale?

Answer 15

1. Sensory Perception
2. Moisture
3. Activity
4. Mobility
5. Nutrition
6. Friction & Shear
   All of them are rated on a scale of 1-4, except friction & shear which are on a scale of 1-3
   The lower the overall score, the higher the risk

Question 16

What are the four stages of a pressure injury?

Answer 16

Stage 1: non-blanching, reddened area
Stage 2: partial thickness
Stage 3: full thickness, subcutaneous tissues are visible
Stage 4: full thickness tissue loss, cartilage, tendon, ligaments, and sometimes bone are visible
Unstageable full thickness loss but obscured by slough or eschar

Question 17

What is included in a clear liquid diet?

Answer 17

Limited to broth, bouillon, coffee, tea, carbonated beverages, clear fruit juices, gelatin or popsicles. These liquids are easily digested and leave no undigested residue in your intestinal tract.

Question 18

What is included in a full liquid diet?

Answer 18

Clear or thickened liquids, smooth textured dairy products, custards, refined cooked cereals, vegetable juice, pureed vegetables or any fruit juices

Question 19

What is included in a pureed diet?

Answer 19

This diet includes everything available in a full liquid diet with the addition of scrambled eggs, pureed meats, vegetables, fruits, or mashed potatoes and gravy

Question 20

What is included in a mechanical soft diet?

Answer 20

This diet includes everything in a full liquid diet and pureed diet as well as ground or finely diced meats, flaked fish, cottage cheese, cheese, rice, potatoes, pancakes, light breads, cooked vegetables, cooked or canned fruits, bananas, soups or peanutbutter

Question 21

What is included in a soft or low residue diet?

Answer 21

Low-fibre diet with easily digested foods, such as pasta, casseroles, moist tender meats, canned and cooked fruits and vegetables, desserts, cakes, and cookies without nuts or coconuts

Question 22

What is dysphagia?

Answer 22

The impairment of any part of the swallowing process increases risk of aspiration. Dysphagia and aspiration are associated with the development of aspiration pneumonia. Warning signs include:
- avoiding certain textures
- coughing or choking during eating/drinking
- change in voice tone or quality after eating, sounds wet or hoarse when eating/drinking
- leakage of liquid/food
- abnormal gag reflex
- delayed swallowing
- incomplete swallowing or pocketing of food or medications
- upper respiratory tract infections
- pneumonia

Question 23

What is aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 23

Pneumonia is inflammation (swelling) and infection of the lungs or larger airways. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when food or liquid is breathed into the airways or lungs instead of being swallowed. Warning signs include:
- elevated respiratory rate
- fever
- cough
- chills pleuritic chest pain
- crackles
- delerium