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Bio U1 > Nucleic Acid & Cell Divison > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid & Cell Divison Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides are ___________ of the polymer of ____________.

A

Monomer

Nucleic acid

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2
Q

What are nucleotide made up of ?

A

A phosphate group

A 5 carbon sugar

Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What are the two kinds of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds are formed by what reaction ?

A

Condensation / dehydration reaction

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5
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide

A
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6
Q

What are the the nitrogenous bases?

A 
Adenine 
Cytosine 
Guanine 
Thymine 
Uracil
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7
Q

What are purines and list them

A

Purines are doubled ring bases on six sided and one 5 sided.

Guanine and Adenine

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8
Q

What base is found in RNA but not DNA

A

Uracil

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9
Q

Describe and draw the structure of DNA.

A

A two stranded helical structure ( tertiary structure)

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10
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A
  • On C2 on RNA has OH while the C2 on DNA has H.
  • one is single stranded (RNA) while the other is double (DNA)
  • DNA has thymine but not uracil
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11
Q

Name the complimentary based pairings in DNA

A

Adenine - Thymine

Guanine - Cytosine

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12
Q

What are the bonds found in DNA’s tertiary structure ?

A
  • disulphide bond
  • ionic bond
  • hydrogen bond
  • hydrophobic and hydrophilic interaction.
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13
Q

The bond between Cytosine and Guanine has ______ and the one between adenine and thymine ______.

A
  • three bonds

- two bonds

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14
Q

Bacterial DNA has no histones

True or False

A

True

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15
Q

What direction does the stands of DNA runs ?

A

Anti Parallel

5’ - 3’
3’ - 5’

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16
Q

Why must cells replicate their before they divide ?

A

This ensures that each daughter cell gets a copy of the genome and therefore successful inheritance of genetic traits if doesn’t it may result in missing of genetic characteristics.

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17
Q

What are three steps in dna replication ?

A
  • Uncoiling
  • Complementary based pairing
  • polymerization
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18
Q

State the steps of DNA uncoiling

A

The helical structure is broken into singular strand by breaking the hydrogen bonds between them.

Step 1 - helicase unwinds and separates the hydrogen bond between pairs.

Step 2 - single strand binding proteins binds to DNA strands after they have been separated to prevent them from rejoining

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19
Q

Complementary based pairing involves which steps

A

Nucleotides are exposed in cytoplasm there are free nucleotides these nucleotides leave the cytoplasm through the nuclear pores of the nucleus these free nucleotides form and hydrogen bond with the export nucleotides on the strand strand

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20
Q

What are the three kinds of RNA?

A

mRNA tRNA rRNA

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21
Q

Match the the the correct type of RNA to it’s function

____ major component/ makes ribosomes.

____ acts as template for protein synthesis and carrots the message from DNA to make protein.

____ Carries amino acids one by one to polypeptide chain growing at ribosome

A

rRNA

mRNA

tRNA

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22
Q

What are the 2 main steps in protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translocation

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23
Q

What happens in transcription?

A

One strand of DNA with particular gene is used copies of mRNA DNA who have a complimentary code.

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24
Q

What happens in translocation ?

A
  • The mRNA passes through the nuclear pore of the nucleus and attaches it ribosomes on rough er.
  • The rough er has a supply of tRNA molecules these tRNA molecules pick up their specific amino acids to bring them to mRNA (these tRNA has anticodons that binds to corresponding mRNA codons)
  • 2 amino acids are brought side by side and a peptide bond form between them. The ribosomes move along the mRNA exposing the next codon.

A third tRNA brings a third Amino acid and the first tRNA leaves.

This continues till a stop codon is reached.

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25
Q

What is the cell cycle ?

A

A cycle is series of events a cell goes through as it grows as divide

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26
Q

How many stages does the cell goes through before it divide?

A

3 in which grows and duplicate their DNA

27
Q

What is function of mitosis in human body ?

A

Mitosis is responsible for growth and repair in the human body

28
Q

What kind of cell go through mitosis ?

A

Somatic cells (body cells)

29
Q

Does mitosis lead to genetic variation?

A

No it does not it’s daughter cell has the same exact dna as the parent cells

30
Q

How chromosomes are there in a diploid cell?

A

46 (23 pairs)

31
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Loose threads of DNA and proteins. DNA is coiled around proteins.

32
Q

What is a difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

A
  • Chromosome are densely condensed while chromatin is loose uncoiled long thread.

-

33
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis ?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephone

34
Q

Describe what happens in prophase.

A
  • Chromosome condense and start to become more visible
  • the centromeres begin to move to either side of the cell.
  • the nuclear envelope begins to break down
  • proteins called kinetochores form around the centromere of each chromosome.
  • micro tubules attach to the kinetochores.
35
Q

Describe what happen in metaphase.

A

The microtubules pull the sister chromatid until they align in a plane called the equatorial plane along the center of the cell

36
Q

Describe what happens in anaphase.

A
  • The sister chromatids are separated at their centromeres by the tug of the microtubules
  • The now separated chromatids are pulled by the contracting microtubules to the opposite poles of the cell.
37
Q

Describe what happens in telophase.

A
  • The nuclear membrane begins to form around each set of chromosome.
  • chromosomes begin to uncoil
38
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The actin myosin contractile ring along with the centriole drives the cleavage process.

Divides cytoplasm

39
Q

What kind of cell are produced through meiosis ?

A

Gametes/ sex cells

40
Q

How many daughter cells are made from meiosis ?

A

4

41
Q

How does meiosis contributes to genetic variation?

A

Crossing over and independent assortment

42
Q

What is crossing over ?

A

Crossing over is when meiosis in prophase the homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material with one another .

43
Q

What is independent assortment ?

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

44
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells that contain 1n meaning 23 chromosomes half the number of a diploid cell.

45
Q

Meiosis consists of 3 sets of division

True or false

A

False it only has meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

46
Q

Briefly explain the process of meiosis

A
47
Q

What are genes?

A

Are a segment on DNA that codes for a particular trait.

48
Q

What is allele ?

A

Allele is a variant of gene which is typically expressed by letters.

49
Q

State the two types of allele and define then

A

Dominant allele - is typically represented by a capital letter is the allele that is expressed.

Recessive allele - this allele is only represented or expressed if there is no dominant allele present.

50
Q

If u have two of the same kinds of allele you are said to ______________ but if not you are said to be _________________.

A

Homozygous

Heterozygous

51
Q

State the difference between ur phenotype and genotype.

A

The genetic makeup of a cell is know as the geno type while the observable characteristics of organisms that arises from ones genotype is called our phenotype.

52
Q

How many copies do we have of each gene?

A

2

53
Q

What is incomplete dominance ?

A

Incomplete dominance is when both alleles are not completely expressed there isn’t a clear Mendelian trait.

54
Q

What is co- dominance?

A

Co - dominance is when both traits are expressed.

55
Q

What is punnet square ?

A

A instrument used to determine/ predict the genotype of two organisms offspring .

56
Q

What are the two kinds of punnet square s?

A

Mono hybrid and dihybrid cross

57
Q

What are mendeals two laws?

A

Law of independent assortment- alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Law of segregation

58
Q

How many pairs chromosomes are the same in men and women ?

A

22

59
Q

What are non sex chromosomes called?

A

Autosomes

60
Q

What is this chromosome that is not identical called

A

The sex chromosome or heterosome

61
Q

What are sex chromosome of men and of women?

A

Women have two X chromosomes

Men have a X and Y chromosome

62
Q

Which parent determines what gender child is created?

A

The male as they have two different sex chromosome while women are homogametic.

63
Q

Which chromosome is able to carry more genes ? (X or y) and why

A

X should be able to carry more genes / traits

Bio U1 (8 decks)

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