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Bio U1 > Reproduction In Humans > Flashcards

Reproduction In Humans Flashcards

1
Q

What is involved in reproduction?

A

The fusion of gametes from 2 different organisms.

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2
Q

What are the name of the organs that produces gametes ?

A

Gonads

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3
Q

The male reproductive system consists of all the organs responsible for the __________ of sperm and for synthesis of ___________.

A

Production and semen

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4
Q

Name the parts of the penis .

A

Semi ferrous tubules, epididymis , vas deferenas, seminal vesicles , urethra and penis.

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5
Q

What is the function of the testis ?

A

Testis - production of sperm and testosterone.

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6
Q

What are the parts of the testis and their function ?

A

Seminiferous tubules - produces sperm

epididymis - receives immature sperm from seminiferous tubules until mature.

vas deferens.- receives mature sperm and coveys them to urethra.

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7
Q

What are the glands in the penis ?

A

Seminal vesicles , prostate and Cowper’s gland

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8
Q

What do the gland of the penis makes ?

A

They excrete solution much as alkaline solution and clear lubercating mucus.

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9
Q

What does semen consist of?

A

Semen + secretion

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10
Q

Name the main phases of spermatogenesis ?

A

Mitosis, growth phase , meiosis and differentiation.

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11
Q

Describe the mitosis and growth phase of spermatogenesis.

A

Starts with diploid primordial germ cells in walls of seminiferous tubules which undergo mitosis to form spermatogonium.

Spermatogonium then grows to form primary spermatocytes.

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12
Q

Describe the meiosis and differentiation of spermatogenesis.

A

The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis 1 to produce secondary spermatocyte. These then undergo mitosis 2 to produce 4 spermatids.

Then these spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa nourished by the Sertoli cells .

Eventually maturing to sperm and traveling through the lumen.

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13
Q

What does the GnRH do?

A

This hormones I made in the hypothalamus and it’s stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release FSH and ICSH

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14
Q

What’s the function of FSH and ICSH.

A

Stimulate Sertoli cells increasing activity for development of spermatozoa.

Stimulate leydig cell of testis to produce testosterone.

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15
Q

Testosterone play a part in spermatogenesis.

True or false

A

True.

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16
Q

What do the organs of the female reproductive system do ?

A

Produce eggs and provide site for the development of the embryo if an ovum is fertilized.

17
Q

What are the organs of the the female reproductive system?

A

Ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus , cervix and vagina.

18
Q

What do these organs do

  • Fallopian tube
  • Uterus
  • Cervix

Vagina

  • Ovary
A
  • Muscular tube 2 cm long that conveys female gametes from ovary to uterus.
  • thick hallowed pearled shaped organ made or three layers where egg will be implanted and develop.
  • separate uterus from vagina
  • accommodate sperm deposits
  • where oocyte matures prior to releases (ovulation ) responsible for estrogen and progesterone.
19
Q

Explains the formation of female gametes.

A

Primordial germ cells divided by mitosis to form oogonia.

Each oogonia grow into primary oocyte.

Primary oocyte get enclosed by layer of granulosa cells and form a primordial follicle. Starts meiosis 1 and stops at meiosis prophase.

20
Q

When does the first stage of oogenesis happen ?

A

This phase happens before the female is even born.

21
Q

When does the process of oogenesis resume ?

A

It resume at puberty specifically during menstrual cycle where the primordial follicle develops into mature Graafian follicle with developing egg.

22
Q

Describe what happen to primordial follicle after puberty.

A
  • The granulosa cells around the follicle multiply and form many layers of feel around the oocyte to form the primary follicle.
  • the follicle natures and the primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 to give two unequally sized cells ( a polar body and large secondary oocyte which develops a zona pellucida )
  • secondary follicle further develops and then is called a nature Graafian follicle.
  • if secondary oocyte encounters sperm and fertilization occurs meiosis two proceeds
23
Q

Female hormones are released in cycles.

True or False

A

True

24
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Cause repairing and thickening of endometrium in preparation of embryo.

Stimulates anterior pituitary to produce LH

25
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Fertilization refers to fusions of male and female gametes.

26
Q

What’s the difference between secondary oocyte and ovum.

A

main difference between secondary oocyte and ovum is that secondary oocyte is produced by the meiosis 1 of the primary oocyte whereas ovum is produced by the maturation of the ootid

27
Q

List adaptations of egg for its function.

A
28
Q

So what happens after fertilization in the stages before implantation?

A

The egg and sperm nuclei combine to form a diploid nuclei and fertilized egg is now called the zygote.

The zygote under goes mitosis to form morula. This mitosis further continues to produce blastocyst.

29
Q

What are the parts of the blastocyst ?

A

The inner mass (develops into embryo)

The trophoblast ( develops into placenta )

The blastocoele.

30
Q

Describe the process of the implantation ?

A

The blastocyst breaches the jelly coat that was surrounding it and preventing its attachment to the endometrium m.

Digestive enzymes are released which degrade endometrium while autocrine hormones released from the blastocyst trigger its implantation.

31
Q

What happens after implantation

A

Growing embryo will gain oxygen and nutrients form the endometrial tissue fluid.Last 6

Blastocyst releases hCG promotes which promotes maintenance the corpus luteumn which produce estrogen and progesterone.

This happen for 8-10 weeks while the placenta develops. Then after the placenta is responsible for the production of these hormones and the corpus luteum degenerate and hCG levels drop.

32
Q

Function of placenta

A

Facilitate the exchange of material between the mother and the fetus

its secretes hormones the maintain the pregnancy off of the corpus luteum has degenerated

Bio U1 (8 decks)

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