NUEROLOGIC ANATOMY

Question 1

is responsible for coordinating and regulating all body functions.

Answer 1

neurologic system

Question 2

The very complex neurologic system consists of two
structural components:

Answer 2

the central nervous system (CNS)
the peripheral nervous system.

Question 3

encompasses the brain and spinal cord

Answer 3

The CNS

Question 4

the brain and spinal cord, which are covered by

Answer 4

meninges, three layers of connective tissue that protect and nourish the CNS.

Question 5

surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 5

subarachnoid space

Question 6

is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 6

subarachnoid space

Question 7

is formed in the ventricles of the brain and flows through the ventricles into the space.

Answer 7

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 8

…. cushions the brain and spinal cords, nourishes the CNS, and removes waste materials.

Answer 8

This fluid-filled space

Question 9

Electrical activity of the CNS is governed by ______

Answer 9

neurons

Question 10

_______ located throughout the sensory and motor neural pathways

Answer 10

neurons

Question 11

…. contains upper motor neurons that influence lower motor neurons, located mostly in the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 11

the CNS

Question 12

BRAIN - Located in the cranial cavity. Has four major divivsions:

Answer 12

• the cerebrum
• the diencephalon
• the brain stem
• the cerebellum

Question 13

is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Answer 13

cerebrum

Question 14

The cerebrum is divided into the right and left cerebral hemispheres, which are joined by the ______ ________ – a bundle of nerve fibers responsible for communication between the hemispheres.

Answer 14

corpus callosum

Question 15

The lobes are composed of a substance known as ____ ______ , which mediates higher-level functions such as memory, perception communication, and initiation
of voluntary movements.

Answer 15

gray matter

Question 16

_____ ______ rims the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, forming the cerebral cortex

Answer 16

gray matter

Question 17

Damage to a lobe results in ___________ of the specific function directed by that lobe.

Answer 17

impairment

Question 18

____________ lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 18

The diencephalon

Question 19

The diencephalon lies beneath the cerebral hemispheres and consists of the ________ and ____________.

Answer 19

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 20

Most sensory impulses travel through the

Answer 20

gray matter of the thalamus

Question 21

gray matter of the thalamus is responsible for …

Answer 21

screening and directing the impulses to specific areas in the cerebral cortex.

Question 22

responsible for regulating many body functions including water balance, appetite, vital signs, sleep cycles, pain perception, and emotional status.

Answer 22

hypothalamus

Question 23

is located between the cerebral cortex and the spinal
cord

Answer 23

brain stem

Question 24

consists of mostly nerve fibers and has three parts

Answer 24

brain stem

Question 25

brain stem consists of mostly nerve fibers and has three parts:

Answer 25

> the midbrain > pons > medulla oblongata

Question 26

….. serves as a relay center for ear and eye reflexes and relays impulses between the higher cerebral centers and the lower pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Answer 26

The midbrain

Question 27

links the cerebellum to the cerebrum and the midbrain to the medulla.

Answer 27

pons

Question 28

responsible for various reflex actions.

Answer 28

Pons

Question 29

contains the nuclei for cranial nerves and has centers that control and regulate respiratory function, heart rate and force, and blood pressure.

Answer 29

The medulla oblongata

Question 30

…. located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum.

Answer 30

The cerebellum

Question 31

…. does not initiate movement, its primary functions include coordination and smoothing of voluntary movements, maintenance of equilibrium, and maintenance of muscle tone

Answer 31

The cerebellum

Question 32

….. is located in the vertebral canal and extends from medulla oblongata to the first lumbar vertebra.

Answer 32

The spinal cord

Question 33

[…] conducts sensory impulses up ascending tracts to the brain, conducts motor impulses down descending tracts to neurons that stimulate glands and muscles throughout the body and is responsible for simple reflex activity.

Answer 33

The spinal cord

Question 34

travel to the brain by way of two ascending neural pathways (the spinothalamic tract and posterior

Answer 34

Sensory impulses

Question 35

These impulses originate in the […] of the peripheral nerves and are carried through the posterior (dorsal) root into the spinal cord.

Answer 35

afferent fibers

Question 36

are conducted to the muscles by two descending neural pathways

Answer 36

Motor impulses

Question 37

two descending neural pathways:

Answer 37

the pyramidal (corticospinal) tract the extrapyramidal tract

Question 38

The motor neurons of the pyramidal tract originate in the ______ ______ and travel down to the medulla, where they cross over to the opposite side then travel down the spinal cord, where they synapse with a lower motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord

Answer 38

motor cortex

Question 39

Carrying information to and from the CNS

Answer 39

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 40

The peripheral nervous system consists of __ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 40

12, 31

Question 41

These nerves are categorized as two types of fibers:

Answer 41

somatic autonomic.

Question 42

carry CNS impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles.

Answer 42

Somatic fibers

Question 43

mediates conscious or voluntary activities.

Answer 43

The somatic nervous system

Question 44

_________ _____ carry CNS impulses to smooth, involuntary muscles (in the heart and glands)

Answer 44

Autonomic fibers

Question 45

mediates unconscious or involuntary activities.

Answer 45

The autonomic nervous system

Question 46

enters through the dorsal (posterior) roots of the cord

Answer 46

The sensory (afferent) fibers

Question 47

exits through the ventral(anterior) roots of the cord.

Answer 47

The motor (efferent) fibers

Question 48

The sensory root of each spinal nerve innervates an area of the skin called a

Answer 48

dermatone

Question 49

Some peripheral nerves have a special function associated with automatic activities; they are referred to as the

Answer 49

autonomic nervous system.

Question 50

are carried by both cranial and spinal nerves.

Answer 50

Autonomic nervous system

Question 51

Carries smell impulses from nasal mucous membrane to brain

Answer 51

I(olfactory) - sensory

Question 52

Carries visual impulses from eye to brain.

Answer 52

ii (optic) - sensory

Question 53

Contracts eye muscles to control eye movements (interior latera), medial, and superior), constricts pupils, and elevates eyelids.

Answer 53

III (oculomotor) - motor

Question 54

Contracts one eye muscle to control inferomedial eye movement.

Answer 54

IV (trochlear) - motor

Question 55

Carries sensory impulses of pain, touch, and temperature from the face to the brain. Influences clenching and lateral law movements (biting, chicns)

Answer 55

V (trigeminal) - sensory motor

Question 57

Controls lateral eye movements.

Answer 57

VI (abducens) - motor

Question 58

Contains sensory fibers for taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue, and stimulates secretions from salivary glands (submaxillary and sublingual) and tears from lacrimal glands

Answer 58

VII (facial) - sensory

Question 60

Supplies the facial muscles and affects facial expressions (smiling, frowning, closing eyes)

Answer 60

VII (facial) - motor

Question 61

Contains sensory fibers for hearing and balance.

Answer 61

VIll (acoustic, vestibulo-cochlear) - Sensory

Question 62

Contains sensory fibers for taste on posterior third of tongue and sensory fibers of the pharynx that result in the gag reflex when stimulated.

Answer 62

IX (glossopharyngeal) - Sensory

Question 63

Provides secretory fibers to the parotid salivary glands: promotes swallowing movements

Answer 63

IX (glossopharyngeal) - motor

Question 64

Carries sensations from the throat, larynx, heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, and abdominal viscera. Promotes swallowing, talking and production of digestive juices.

Answer 64

X (vagus) - Sensory motor

Question 65

Innervates neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius) that promote movement of the shoulders and head rotation. Also promotes some movement of the larynx.

Answer 65

XI (spinal accessory) - Motor

Question 66

Innervates tongue muscles that promote the movement of food and talking

Answer 66

XII (hypoglossal) - Motor