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COMPREHENSIVE PHASE > Nursing Research > Flashcards

Nursing Research Flashcards

lecture by Atty. Arlene Capili (149 cards)

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1
Q

more formal, intensive and comprehensive method for the discovery of new knowledge

A

Research

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2
Q

5 Major Steps of Research Process

A
  1. Conceptual Phase
  2. Designing and Planning Phase
  3. Empirical Phase
  4. Analytic Phase
  5. Disseminating Phase

(months to years)

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3
Q

-deals with clinical problems

e.g care in diabetic foot

A

Nursing Research

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4
Q

2 Kinds of Research related to nursing

A
  1. Nursing Research
  2. Research in Nursing
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5
Q

-more broader study in the profession
-focus more on issue (e.g. historical, educational, etc) that can affect nursing profession

e.g. Nursing education in PH

A

Research in Nursing

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6
Q

informal way to discover new things

A

scientific method

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7
Q

-use of current best evidence

A

Evidenced Based Practice

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8
Q

latest findings

e.g. COVID-19 Experimental drugs

A

Evidenced Based Practice

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9
Q

4 Importance of Research

A
  1. Professionalism
  2. Accountability
  3. Social Relevance of Nursing
  4. Research and Decision Making
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10
Q

Ultimate Goal of Nursing

A

TO IMPROVE THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION / NURSING

Alternative: To improve…
-client care
-patient care
-healthcare
-nursing care

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11
Q
  • Formulating & delimiting the problem
  • Review Related Literature (RRL)
  • Undertaking a Clinical Fieldwork
  • Defining framework and conceptual definitions
  • Formulating Hypothesis
A

Phase 1: Conceptual Phase

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12
Q

-Selecting the research design
-Developing protocols for the intervention
-Identifying the population to be studied
-Designing the sampling plan
-Specifying the methods to measure the research variables
- Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal rights
-Finalizing and reviewing the research plan

A

Phase II: Design and Planning Phase

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13
Q

-Collecting the data
- Preparing the data for analysis

A

Phase III: Empirical Phase

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14
Q

-Analyzing the data
-Interpreting the results

A

Phase IV: Analytic Phase

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15
Q

-Communicating the findings
-Utilizing the findings in practice (EBP)

A

Phase V: Disseminating Phase

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16
Q

Synthesis of previous studies
Purpose: to get an idea or background about the study

A

Review of Related Literature /RRL

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17
Q

Graphical representation of concepts and relationship between concepts

A

Frameworks and conceptual definitions

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18
Q

Phase of the research process that researchers SPENDS the MOST TIME

“pinag-iisipan”

A

Phase II: Design and Planning Phase

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19
Q

Longest phase the research process

A

Phase III: Empirical Phase

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20
Q

Phase of the research process that enables to see the long term effect using scientific research (experimental)

A

Phase IV: Analytic Phase

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21
Q

2 Types of Framework

A
  1. Conceptual
  2. Theoretical
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22
Q

Types of Framework that focuses on relating concepts to the topic

A

Conceptual Framework

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23
Q

Types of Framework that focuses on relating theories to the topic

A

Theoretical Framework

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24
Q

define variables

A

Definition of Terms

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25
define variable on how they were used in the study
operational definition
26
defines highly technical terms
conceptual definition
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tools or instruments for data collection
research variables
28
5 Sources of Research Problems
[NITES] Nursing literature Ideas from external sources Theory (existing or own) Experience & Clinical Fieldwork Social Issues, Scientific Research
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Least being used source of research problem
Scientific Research
30
richest in information source of research problem
Experience & Clinical Fieldwork
31
Criteria of a Good Research Problem
[SALT IN] Significance of study Availability of Subjects Limitation of Subjects Time allotment & research ability Interest of Researcher Novelty (Newness / Freshness of Idea)
32
Major Forms of Data Collection
1. Use of existing data 2. Self-reports 3. Observation 4. Biophysical measures
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[Major Form of Data Collection] - any form of record/report
Use of existing data
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[Major Form of Data Collection] -interviews, questionnares -direct data collection -most widely used -oral or written
Self-reports
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[Major Form of Data Collection] -can gather data that cannot be gathered by other methods
Self-reports
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most crucial disadvantage of Self-reports
Validity and Accuracy - bc a lot of factors affect self-report thru interviews/questionnaire -can jump questions to another
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[Major Form of Data Collection] -Best to elicit emotion
Observation
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[Major Form of Data Collection] -use of equipment and gadgets
Biophysical Measures
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Type of Observer that is given intervention and disguise self as participant subject
Participant Observer
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Type of Observer that is not given intervention, and does not disguise as subject
Non participant Observer
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situations or circumstances amenable to observation
Phenomena
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6 Phenomena for Observation
1. Characteristics and condition of subjects 2. Activities and behavior of subjects (highly observable) 3. Skill attainment and performance 4. Environmental Characteristics 5.Verbal Communication 6. Non-verbal Communication
43
2 types of Biophysical Measures
1. Invivo measurement 2. Invitro measurement
44
measurement performed directly on subject e.g. ECG, BP taking
Invivo measurement
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measurement performed outside -gather specimen first and bring to laboratory e.g. invitrofertilization, ABG, urinalysis
Invitro measurement
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Criteria to Know the Effectivity of Tool
Validity Reliability Sensitivity
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measure what is supposed to be measured
validity
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consistency / repeatability of tool
reliability
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detect small variations / fine differences
sensitivity
50
tentative prediction of relationship between variables
Hypothesis
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4 Parts of Hypothesis
-Independent Variable -Dependent Variable -Relationship -Population to which it applies
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cause variable
Independent Variable [ICDeffect]
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effect variable
Dependent Variable [ICDeffect]
54
Older patients are more at risk to fall than younger pts IV: DV:
1. Population: - elderly pts -younger pts 2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics) Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: AGE Varies in population: Dependent Variable: risk to fall
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Fixed populations set by_______
Researchers
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Toprank Strategy on Variables (2Set)
1. Population: 2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics) Different Characteristic: Independent Variable Varies in population: Dependent Variable
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Toprank Strategy on Variables (1Set)
1. Population: 2. Set: 1 only (Eliminate Population) 3. Go back hypothesis and ask "what is being studied on the population?" 4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable
58
Girls are less sexually active than boys. IV: DV:
1. Population: - Girls -Boys 2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics) Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: Gender Varies in population: Dependent Variable: sexually active
59
Depressed patients who are living with significant others have lesser chances of committing suicide than those depressed patients who are living alone. IV: DV:
1. Population: - Depressed patients who are living with significant others -depressed patients who are living alone. 2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics) Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: Living condition Varies in population: Dependent Variable: chances of committing suicide
60
Educational attainment is not related to the compliance of PTB patients IV: DV:
1. Population: -PTB patients 2. Set: 1 only (Eliminate Population) 3. Go back hypothesis and ask "what is being studied on the population?" IV: Educational attainment 4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable: Compliance
61
anything that is given to participants
manipulation (independent variable)
62
Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety among cancer patients.
1. Population: - cancer patients 2. Set: 1 only (eliminate population) 3. Go back hypothesis and ask "what is being studied on the population?" IV: Music therapy 4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable: Levels of anxiety
63
Types of Research
1. According to Motive 2. According to Levels of Investigation 3. According tp Approach/Design 4. According to Time Frame
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Types of Research according to Motive
A. Pure / Basic B. Applied
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Types of Research according to Motive that is just to gain knowledge
Pure / Basic
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Types of Research according to Motive to use knowledge into practice
Applied
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Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation
A. Level I: Exploratory - Survey B. Level II: Descriptive C. Level III: Experimental
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Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation -no knowledge yet - to identify variable -looking for OPINION / QUALITY/ CENSUS (frequency)
Level I: Exploratory Research
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Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation -has few knowledge already - to know whether variables are associated or related
Level II: Descriptive Research 1. Descriptive a. Historical b. Case Study a. Methodological a. Analytical 2.Correlational 3. Comparative
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Level II: Descriptive Research that describes
Descriptive Descriptive Research
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Level II: Descriptive Research that describes relationship of variables to each other
Correlational Descriptive Research
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Level II: Descriptive Research that compares variables to each other -"similarities and differences" -analysis
Comparative Descriptive Research
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Healthcare system used by nurses during WW11
Exploratory Research
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Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation -cause and effect relationship -manipulation
Level III: Experimental Research
75
Toprank Strategy on Identifying Type of Research/ Design "KAPANGYARIHAN"
1. Read situation first. 2. Look for Opinion (Exploratory) 3. Look if research has Manipulation (Experimental) 4. If not exploratory and experimental, it is Descriptive! >Historical >Case Study >Methodological >Analytical
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Types of Research according to Approach / Design
A. Non-experimental Research 1. Historical 2. Survey 3. Case Study 4. Methodological 5. Analytical B. Experimental Research 1. True Experimental 2. Quasi-Experimental
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Research that has no manipulation
Non-experimental Research
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Non-experimental Research that studies the PAST issues
Historical Non-experimental Research
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Non-experimental Research that uses interviews and questionnaires to gather public opinion
Survey Non-experimental Research
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Non-experimental Research that is in depth/ detailed study of persons or entities; study of cases
Case Study Non-experimental Research
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Non-experimental Research that studies method, tests, and procedures
Methodological Non-experimental Research
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Non-experimental Research that further analysis of issues and events (deeper description of event) ; PRESENT issues
Analytical Non-experimental Research
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Type of Research according to Approach / Design that always have 2 sets of subjects
Experimental Research
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Experimental Research that has strict control over variables
True Experimental
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Experimental Research that has manipulation (uneffective) - control overcomes the variables -no randomization
Quasi-Experimental
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Group that is given experimental manipulation only
Experimental group
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Group that is not given placebo, and others
Controlled group
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all subject has chance
randomization
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anything that is given to the study subjects
manipulation
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compare with result of experimental group
controlled
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Best time to give Placebo to control group
Studies without comparison
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researcher and subject does not know Experimental Group and Controlled Group - to avoid predicting of results / bias
Double Blind Experiment
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Best time to give Others to control group
Studies with comparison
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Given to subjects that produces no therapeutic effect such as water, starch, etc.
Placebo
95
You wanted to prove that Cotrimoxazole is more effective than other drugs to treat respiratory infection. What should be given to the suitable control group? a. Another experimental drug for respiratory infection b. a standard drug for respiratory infection given c. placebo d. another drug for respiratory infection
d. another drug for respiratory infection (others)
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Given to subjects that does not affect the study such as music therapy, etc or anything not affecting the study
Others
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You wanted to study healthcare delivery system of nurses during World War II a. Exploratory b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi-Experimental
Quality/Census? X Exploratory Manipulation? X Experimental / Quasi-Experimental b. Descriptive [Historical]
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Type of Research according to Time Frame -one time study
Cross Sectional Research
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Type of Research according to Time Frame
a. Cross Sectional b. Longitudinal c. Retrospective d. Prospective
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Type of Research according to Time Frame -repetitive studies -e.g. trend studies
Longitudinal Research
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Type of Research according to Time Frame -study of the past to explain the present
Retrospective Research
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Type of Research according to Time Frame -study of the present to predict the future e.g. global warming
Prospective Research
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term for entire aggregate cases - that researchers would like to study
Population
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used to decide who would only be included in the population
Eligibility Criteria
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process used to get a representative of the population
SAMPLING
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a representative of the population
SAMPLE
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Another term for target population
Universe
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Characteristic of Sample
Representativeness / Representative
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2 Types of Sampling Plan
Non Probability Probability
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Sampling that is non-random (not all has chance, researcher has idea)
Non Probability Sampling
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Sampling that is random (all has chance, researcher has no idea); More accurate
Probability Sampling
112
4 Types of Probability Sampling
1.Simple Random Sampling 2. Stratified Random Sampling 3. Cluster Sampling 4. Systematic Sampling
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4 Types of Non-Probability Sampling
1.Convenience / Accidental 2.Quota 3.Purposive/ Judgmental 4.Snowball Sampling
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samples are readily available
Convenience / Accidental Sampling
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everybody has chance to become a sample e.g. Fish Bowl Method
Simple Random Sampling
116
create strata (characteristic) of the population and divide the population into homogenous group -basis of same group: characteristics > E.g. you decided to group a population into male and female Grouping: gender Characteristic: male or female
Stratified Random Sampling
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successive random sampling of units - big group without distinct characteristic >E.g. you decided to group a population into schools / barangay Grouping: school / barangay Characteristic: None
Cluster Sampling
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get a proportion of the population
Quota Sampling
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samples are handpicked by researchers
Purposive/ Judgmental Sampling
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networking or referral system
Snowball Sampling
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-- kth of the list  Formula: k= N/n N= population size n= sample size
Systematic Sampling
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SLOVIN’S FORMULA
n = N / 1 + Ne^2 N =population size e=margin of error "Isa kasama ni nene"
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[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects] -Autonomy
Right to self-determination
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[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects] -Confidentiality and Privacy
Right to anonymity
122
[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects] -Beneficence, Non-maleficence
Right not to be harmed
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[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects] -Veracity
Right to full disclosure
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- Assignment of numbers according to rules
Levels of Measurement
124
[Levels of Measurement] - Male , Female
Nominal -categorical ; name the category
125
[Levels of Measurement] -Temperature: 37.8 -IQ: 85
Interval – numerical; ranking of events in interval but zero is NOT absolute -Zero has a value OR zero has no value
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[Levels of Measurement] -1st, 2nd , 3rd - Good, better, best
Ordinal -categorical ; ranking of events
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[Levels of Measurement] -Weight: 50kg -Height: 163cm
Ratio - numerical; ranking of events with equal intervals but zero is ABSOLUTE -Zero means absence -Is not possible to have negative -If last number is O
126
Use of tables and graphs – one that communicates to the readers
Frequency of Distribution
127
middle value
Median
127
average
Mean
127
-ANOVA -Chi-Square -Pearson R -T-tests
Inferential Statistics
128
frequently appears
Mode
128
Simple rank, range, variance, Standard deviation
Measures of Variability
129
[Inferential Statistics] 3 or more sets
ANOVA
129
-Frequency of Distribution -Measures of Central Tendency -Measures of Variability
Descriptive Analysis
130
[Inferential Statistics] -2 sets
Student T-test
131
[Inferential Statistics] -before and after
Paired T-test
131
Study of levels of anxiety between Asian, Caucasian, Hispanics and American.
ANOVA -3 or more variable compared to one variable >Population: 4 sets >Variable being compared: 1 only (levels of anxiety)
131
[Inferential Statistics] -numbers
Pearson-R
132
Educational attainment is not related to compliance of PTB patients
Chi-Square -1 set on 2 or more variables; Focus is frequency >Population: PTB patients ; 1 Set >Variables being studied: 1.Compliance (Frequency) 2.Educational attainment
132
Study of Infant birth weight to maternal weight among postpartum mothers
Pearson R -1 set on 2 variables; focus on Interval or Ratio data >Population: PP mothers (1 set) >Variables studied: Weight is a ratio data.
133
Study of High IQ and EQ to Dean’s Lister
Pearson R -1 set on 2 variables; focus on Interval or Ratio data > Population: Deans List (1 set) > Variables studied: Number, zero is absolute (interval data) - IQ - EQ
134
Study of levels of anxiety between Asian and American.
Student / Independent T-test -2 sets compared on 1 variable -Like ANOVA but only 2 sets of population >Population: 2 sets >Variable being compared: 1 only (levels of anxiety)
135
You wanted to study the average BP of women before and after menstruation.
Paired T-test - 1 set of population and studies dependent groups or results Population: Women (1 set) Variable studied: Average BP - Before and After to get average
136
KAPANGYARIHAN to identify Inferential Statistics
1) ANOVA: 3 or more sets 2) Student T-test: 2 sets 3) 1 set: - Find before and after (Paired T-test) - Find numbers (Pearson-R) - If none of the above: Chi-Square

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