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Spring 2025 > NUTR Finals Terms > Flashcards

NUTR Finals Terms Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is the technology which utilizes modification of biological system or organism called?

A

Biotechnology

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2
Q

What are living organisms used in their natural form or further developed by breeding called?

A

Traditional biotechnology

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3
Q

What is the technique that combines DNA from different sources to make GMOs called?

A

Recombinant DNA Technology

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4
Q

What are modified organisms called?

A

GMO/BE Foods

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5
Q

What are substances intended to prevent, destroy, repeal, or mitigate pests called?

A

Pesticides

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6
Q

What are products grown and processed using specific methods and practices that minimize the us of synthetic chemicals and prioritize ecological balance and sustainable agriculture called?

A

Organic

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7
Q

What is the focus on maintaining food systems that are able to meet current and future needs for food and nutrition while protecting the environment and resources that support these systems called?

A

Sustainability

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8
Q

What are the 3 considerations in biotechnology/GMO?

A
  1. Pesticides
  2. Organic
  3. Sustainability
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9
Q

What are used to prevent and treat disease called?

A

Antibiotics

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10
Q

What are used to promote growth in animals?
What is an example of it?

A

Hormones

Example: Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)

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11
Q

What is the term for the process of preventing spoilage and extending shelf life?

A

Food Preservation

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12
Q

What is the term for transforming raw ingredients into food called?

A

Food Processing

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13
Q

What are the 3 unique methods for processing and preservation?

A
  1. Pasteurization
  2. Sterilization
  3. Canning
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14
Q

What is the process of heating then rapidly cooling liquids or foods to kill microbes?

A

Pasteurization

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15
Q

What is the process that eliminates all viable microorganisms from food called?

HINT: Usually heat

A

Sterilization

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16
Q

What is a food preservation method where food is processed called?

A

Canning

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17
Q

True or False?
Just because something is natural does not mean it is safe.

A

True

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18
Q

Why is natural food not always safe?

A
  1. Natural intoxications
  2. Environmental contaminants
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19
Q

What is the accumulation of a contaminant in the tissue of living things at higher concentrations along the food chain called?

A

Bioaccumulation

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20
Q

What are the 4 ways foodborne illness spreads? Which 2 ways are the main ones?

A
  1. MAIN: Biological (diseases)
  2. MAIN: Chemical (contaminants, additives, and pesticides)
  3. Physical (Glass, metals)
  4. Food allergens
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21
Q

What are the 4 prevention techniques for preventing foodborne illness?

A
  1. Clean
  2. Separate
  3. Cook
  4. Chill
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22
Q

What are the 4 prevention techniques for bacterial growth?

A
  1. No water
  2. No heat
  3. No oxygen
  4. No light
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23
Q

What is the amount of water in your body needed to function properly (a state) called?

A

Hydration

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24
Q

What is an atom with an unequal # of protons or electron called (charged)?

A

Ion

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25
What are minerals that break down to ions in water called? What is its role?
Electrolytes Aid with fluid retention and distribution in the body
26
What is the movement of electrolytes called?
Diffusion
27
What is the movement of water called?
Osmosis
28
What signals kidney to retain water?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
29
What signals kidneys to retain sodium and conserve water?
Aldosterone (Hormone)
30
What are compounds which increase urine output called?
Diuretics
31
What is the first sign of dehydration (1% dehydrated) called?
Thirst
32
What is the method for separating water and alcohol, so alcohol can be recovered called?
Distillation
33
What is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body's core temperature rises about 104F due to prolonged heat exposure and failure of the body's cooling systems called?
Heatstroke
34
What is the chemical conversion of sugar to alcohols, acids, and CO2 by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms called?
Fermentation
35
What is a set of enzymes that break down alcohol when consumed in excess called?
MEOS
36
What is the period from conception to birth (38-42 weeks) called?
Gestation
37
What are the 3 13-14 week periods called?
Trimesters
38
What are the periods during development in which nutrients required for cell/tissue development must be available during specific time intervals called?
Critical periods
39
What is the first fluid, rich in immune factors called?
Colostrum
40
What encourages growth of beneficial bacteria called?
Lactobacillus bifidus factor
41
What is the physical, psychological, or social impairment due to excessive ETOH use called?
Alcoholism
42
What is fat infiltration called?
Fatty liver
43
What are fat deposits that decrease blood supply called?
Fibrosis
44
What is the permanent scarring of tissue in the liver called?
Cirrhosis
45
What is the period from conception to birth (38-42 weeks)?
Gestation
46
What are 3 13-14 week periods called?
Trimesters
47
What is the organ that develops during pregnancy that connects the mother and baby's circulatory systems, providing nutrients, oxygen, and removing waste products from the developing fetus called?
Placenta
48
What is the period during development in which nutrients required for cell/tissue development must be available during specific time intervals called?
Critical periods
49
What is the key person who controls others access to food and thereby affects nutrition called?
Gatekeeper
50
What is a normal reflex in newborns and infants where the tongue pushes forward to prevent choking or expel anything other than liquid from the mouth called?
Extrusion reflex
51
What is the establishment of food patterns and physical activity called?
Nutritional Foundation
52
What is an organic compound essential for normal growth and nutrition, usually obtained through the diet, which helps regulate metabolic processes in the body called?
Vitamin
53
What is an inorganic substance required by body in small amounts for various physiological processes called?
Minerals
54
What are minerals needed in large amounts by the body?
Major minerals
55
What minerals are needed in small amounts?
Trace minerals
56
What is the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to the body?
Bioavailability
57
What are substances which are converted into a vitamin within an organism called?
Provitamin
58
What is a nonprotein compound that is necessary for a functioning of an enzyme called?
Coenzyme
58
What are some vitamins and minerals that are added back which were removed during processing?
Enriched products
59
What are vitamins and minerals are added to food were not naturally present called?
Fortified products
59
What are molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules called?
Antioxidant
60
What is a thiamin deficiency called?
Beriberi
61
What is a deficiency of folate called?
Macrocytic anemia
62
What are compounds with unpaired electrons and seeks electrons called?
Free Radicals
63
What is another name for pigments that are present in provitamin A?
Carotenoids
64
What is a product that is taken orally and contains one or more dietary ingredients called?
Dietary Supplements
64
What is a provitamin found in plants (precursor)?
Beta carotene
65
What is when blood pressure is >140/90 Hg on more than 3 occasions at reset called?
Hypertension
66
What is the process of converting nutrients to energy called?
Metabolism
67
What is a group of chemical reactions that occur in a progression from beginning to end called?
Metabolic Pathways
68
What is the building of compounds with the use of energy called?
Anabolic
69
What is the breaking down of compounds with the release of energy called?
Catabolic
70
What is the breakdown of glucose called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Glycolysis; Anaerobic
71
What is the breakdown of fatty acids/triglycerides called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Lipolysis; Aerobic
72
What is the removal of nitrogen to make it into energy called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Deamination; Aerobic
73
What is the storage of glucose as glycogen called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Glycogenesis; Anaerobic
74
What is the making of triglycerides from fatty acids, glucose, alcohol, or carbon skeletons of amino acid breakdown called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Lipogenesis; Anaerobic
75
What is the making of glucose from amino acids called? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
Gluconeogenesis; Aerobic
76
What are ketone bodies formed by incomplete fatty acid oxidation called?
Ketogenesis
77
What is the build-up of ketones called?
Ketosis
78
What is the amount of energy needed to support basic functions of life called?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
79
What is the body's response to eating a meal?
Thermic Effect of Food
80
What is the change in energy expenditure following acute and/or long-term overfeeding and underfeeding called?
Adaptive thermogenesis
81
What is the physiological internal drive to eat?
Hunger
82
What is the psychological external drive to eat?
Appetite
83
What is the state in which there is no longer a desire to eat?
Satiety
84
What is the integration site for regulation of food intake called?
Hypothalamus
85
What is the hormone made by adipose tissue that signals satiety?
Leptin
86
What is the hormone made by the stomach that increases
Gherlin
87
What are the two endorphins? Which one is a steroid (both are hormones)?
Cortisol (steroid hormone), serotonin
88
What is abnormal eating patterns used to change weight or appearance called?
Disordered eating
89
What is the psychological loss or denial of appetite followed by self-starvation called?
Anorexia nervosa
90
What are frequent episodes of bingeing followed by inappropriate compensatory response (purge) called?
Bulimia nervosa
91
What is consuming an abnormally large amount quantity of food in a short amount of time called?
Bingeing
91
What is a type of exercise in a fitness plan called?
Mode
92
What are actions taken to rid the body of excess calories and/or to alleviate guilt associated with binge called?
Purging
93
What is the time spent?
Duration
94
What is the number of times activity is performed called?
Frequency
95
What is the level of effort required called?
Intensity
96
What is the description of how the duration, frequency, and intensity of an exercise changes over time called?
Progression
96
What is making an exercise part of your daily routine called?
Consistency
96
What is changing the mode called?
Variety
97
What are large muscle groups, maintained at moderate-high intensity called?
Cardio-respiratory (Aerobic)
98
What is working against resistance to build strength called?
Resistance
99
What increases the ability of a joint to move through a range of motion called?
Flexibility

Spring 2025 (12 decks)

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