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Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is nutrition important?

A

As there is a pathway between diet and oral health

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2
Q

What are the immediate causes of major dental diseases?

A

Diet,plaque and smoking

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3
Q

What are many diseases linked to?

A

Oral Inflammation

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4
Q

Why do we see changes in the mouth first?

A

Oral epithelia, grow and replace more rapidly

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5
Q

What is primary nutritional deficiency?

A

-inadequate selections of food
-age, income, education

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6
Q

What is secondary nutritional deficiency?

A
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7
Q

Which nutrients are bad?

A

CHO, sweet sticky foods etc

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8
Q

What does nutrition mean?

A

Describes the processes whereby cellular organelles, cell tissues, organs and the body as a whole obtain and use necessary substances obtained from food (nutrients) to maintain structural and functional integrity.

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9
Q

What is dietary allowances?

A

quantitative amounts for population subgroups for essential micronutrients, energy and protein

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10
Q

What are dietary guidelines?

A

targeted at individuals, advisory statements.`

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11
Q

What is the EAR?

A

Estimated average requirement

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12
Q

What is the RNI?

A

Reference Nutrient Intake

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13
Q

What is the LRNI?

A

Lower reference nutrient intake

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14
Q

What is the Safe Intake?

A

A level of nutrient at which there is no risk of deficiency

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15
Q

What is the Safe Intake?

A

A level of nutrient at which there is no risk of deficiency

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16
Q

What are the uses of dietary recommendations?

A

-By governments and NGOS in provision of food aid, food supplements and rationings
-By food industry in development and marketing
-By caterers
-Dietary guidelines and goals
-researchers

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17
Q

Name 3 macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats and oils(lipids)

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18
Q

Name 2 micronutrients

A

Minerals
Vitamins

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19
Q

Name 4 classes of nutrients

A

Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Water
Alcohol

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20
Q

Why is electrical energy required for nutrients?

A

Maintain ionic gradients

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21
Q

Why is chemical energy required for nutrients?

A

Protein Synthesis

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22
Q

Why is mechanical energy required for nutrients?

A

Muscle contraction

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23
Q

Why is heat energy required for nutrients?

A

maintain body temperature

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24
Q

How is energy measured?

A

Units of kilocalories (kcals) or kilojoules (kJ)

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25
What energy comes from fat?
9kcals or 37kJ/ gram
26
What energy comes from alcohol?
7kcal or 29kJ/gram
27
What energy comes from protein?
4kcal or 17kJ/gram
28
What is energy density?
The energy a food contains per gram
29
What is energy used for?
Basic metabolic rate physical activity Thermogenesis Additional requirement for growth
30
When is there a positive energy balance?
Energy intake > energy output
31
When is there a negative energy balance?
Energy intake < energy output
32
What affects energy requirements?
Body size Age Activity Pregnancy/lactation Disease, trauma and treatments
33
How are carbohydrates synthesised?
By plants from carbon dioxide and water through photosynthesis
34
What are oligosaccharides?
3-9 monosaccharides
35
What is sucrose made of?
Glucose and fructose
36
What is lactose made of?
Glucose and galactose
37
What is maltose made of?
Glucose and glucose
38
What is a sugar alcohol?
Polyols
39
What are dextrins?
Short chains of glucose, formed by degradation of starch by partial hydrolysis.
40
What are 'free sugars'?
All monosaccharides and disaccharides added to food by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and unsweetened fruit juice
41
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic sugars?
Extrinsic sugars are added to food while intrinsic is naturally found
42
What is 'added sugars'?
Sugars and syrups that are added during manufacture and preparation but does not capture the sugars present in unsweetened fruit juice or honey
43
Properties of starch
Storage carbohydrate exists in granules insoluble in water derived from glucose
44
What are the two main types of starch?
Amylose- unbranched chain of glucose with alpha 1-4 linkage Amylopectin- long, highly branched polymer, alpha 1-4 linkage in each branch and branches linked with alpha 1-6 linkage
45
What happens to food not digested in the small intestine?
It is fermented by the colonic microflora to short chain fatty acids and gases
46
What is dietary fibre?
The portion of food which is derived from cellular walls of plants which is digested very poorly by human beings
47
What are some non digestible carbohydrates?
Non-starch polysaccharides Oligosaccharides Modified starches Resistant starch
48
How is the alpha 1-4 glucose bond broken?
Amylase
49
What is the alpha 1-6 glucose bond broke by?
Glucoamylase
50
What is the definition of a 'fat'?
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
51
What is the role of dietary fats?
energy essential fatty acids fat-soluble vitamins
52
Role of lipids in the body?
Store of energy Structural role in cell membranes metabolic functions
53
What are fats found in foods?
Triacylglycerols Cholestrol Plant sterols phospholipids fat soluble vitamins
54
What structural factors effect the property of fatty acids?
Number of C atoms Presence of double bonds -saturated/unsaturated -cis and trans isomers -position of double bond
55
What does saturated and unsaturated fats mean?
Saturated is when all C atoms are full saturated with H atoms Unsaturated is when the C atoms form at least one double bond
56
What is the difference between cis and trans fats?
Cis the H on double bond on same side while trans H atoms are on different sides at double bond.
57
What areas of the mouth are prone to abnormal appearances?
Corners of mouth tongue palate teeth
58
What is the difference between primary and secondary nutritional deficiency?
Primary nutritional deficiency is caused by inadequate selection of food, age, income and education whereas secondary nutritional deficiency is caused by systematic disorders interfering with ingestion, digestion, absorption
59
What nutrients are important for dental health?
Calcium, phosphorus, vitamins A, C and D and Fluoride
60
What are consequences of vitamin D deficiency?
Preeclampsia Periodontitis Childhood dental caries Autoimmune disorders Infectious diseases Cardiovascular disease Type 2 diabetes Neurological disorders
61
Why is vitamin D needed?
For relevant mineral density, it helps absorb, carry and deposit calcium in the bones that support teeth.
62
What can a lack of vitamin D lead to?
Dental caries or weak or brittle teeth that easily break and crack.
63
What are the primary reasons for nutrient imbalance?
Inadequate intake Malabsorption Nutrient wasting
64
What medical conditions can cause a nutrient imbalance?
Chrons disease Cystic fibrosis HIV
65
What social factors may contribute to nutritional deficiency?
Poverty Homelessness Famine War
66
What does 'nutrition' mean?
Nutrition describes the processes whereby cellular organelles, cells, tissues, organs and the body as a whole obtain and use necessary substances obtained from foods to maintain structural and functional integrity.
67
What is it meant by the term 'prebiotics'?
a non-digestible food ingredient that promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines.
68
What are natural sources of insulin and oligofructose?
Chicory roots Garlic Artichokes
69
What is 'dietary fibre'?
Dietary fibre is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by our bodies' enzymes.
70
What does maltase digest maltose into?
2 molecules of glucose
71
What does lactase digest lactose into?
Glucose and a galactose
72
What does sucrase digest sucrose into?
A glucose and a fructose
73
What are the two main sugar transporters?
GLUT family SGLT family
74
What are examples of emulsifying agents?
Fatty acids monoglycerides cholesterol protein bile acids
75
Role of dietary fats?
Energy provision Essential fatty acids Help carry fat soluble vitamins Enables storage of energy Metabolic functions
76
What is the post absorptive state?
Period when the GI tract is empty and energy comes from the breakdown of our body's reserves
77
Where is the first available store of glucose found?
Liver
78
What stimulates insulin release?
Increase in blood glucose Increase in amino acids in plasma neural stimulation of pancreas gut hormones
79
What is insulin release decreased by?
Reduction in blood glucose Sympathetic neural stimulation
80
What is the role of glucagon in regulation of metabolism during post -absorptive state?
Released by A cells in islets of Langerhans Increases glycogen breakdown in liver Increase lipolysis
81
What is the role of cortisol during stress?
Regain glucose homeostasis
82
What vitamins can the body make?
Vitamin D by the sun Vitamin K and some B by gut flora
83
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A,D,E,K
84
What vitamins are water soluble?
C, B

BDS1 (43 decks)

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