Flashcards in Nutrition Deck (140)
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61
Goblet cells
Cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus.
62
Water-soluble nutrients and small fat fragments that that pass through the cells of the villi enter the:
Blood
63
Fat-soluble nutrients that pass through the cells of the villi enter the:
Lymph
64
Capillaries
Small vessels that branch from an artery and connect arteries to veins. Exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste materials takes place across capillary walls.
65
The vascular (or blood circulatory) system
A closed system of vessels through which blood flows continuously, with the heart serving as the pump. As the blood circulates through this system, it picks up and delivers materials as needed.
66
Blood travels this route:
Heart > arteries > capillaries > veins > heart
67
Blood leaving the digestive system travels this route:
Heart > arteries > capillaries in intestines > to hepatic portal vein > to capillaries in liver > hepatic vein > heart
68
Aorta
The large, primary artery that conducts blood from the heart to the body's smaller arteries.
69
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues.
70
Veins
Vessels that carry blood to the heart.
71
Hepatic portal vein
The vein that collects blood from the GI tract and conducts it to the liver.
portal = gateway
72
Hepatic vein
The vein that collects blood from the liver and returns it to the heart.
hepatic = liver
73
Lactels
The lymphatic vessels of the intestine that take up nutrients and pass them to the lymph circulation.
74
Lymphatic system
A loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart. The GI part of the lymphatic system carries the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream. A one-way route for fluid from the tissue spaces to enter the blood.
75
Lymph
A clear yellowish fluid that is similar to blood except that it contains no red blood cells or platelets. Lymph from the GI tract transports fat and fat-soluble vitamins to the bloodstream via lymphatic vessels.
76
Thoracic duct
The main lymphatic vessel that collects lymph and drains into the left subclavian vein.
77
Subclavian
The vein that provides passage from the lymphatic system to the vascular system.
78
Flora
Bacteria in the intestines.
79
Prebiotics
Food components (such as fibers) that are not digested in the small intestine, but are used instead as food by bacteria to encourage their growth or activity.
80
Synbiotic
A mixture of probiotics and prebiotics.
81
Probiotics
Living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to health.
pro = for
bios = health
82
Two intricate and sensitive systems coordinate all the digestive and absorptive processes:
The hormonal (or endocrine) system and the nervous system.
83
Homeostasis
The maintenance of constant internal conditions (such as blood chemistry, temperature, and blood pressure) by the body's control systems. A homeostatic system is constantly reacting to external forces to maintain limits set by the body's needs.
homeo = the same
stasis = staying
84
Hormones
Chemical messengers. Hormones are secreted by a variety of glands in response to altered conditions in the body. Each hormone travels to one or more specific target tissues or organs, where it elicits a specific response to maintain homeostasis.
85
Gastrin (a GI hormone)
A hormone secreted by the cells in the stomach wall. Target organ: the glands in the stomach. Response: secretion of gastric acid.
86
Secretin (a GI hormone)
A hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall. Target organ: the pancreas. Response: secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice.
87
Zymogen
The inactive precursor of an enzyme.
zym = concerning enzymes
gen = to produce
88
Satiation / satiety
The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating. Determines how much time passes between meals.
sate = to fill
89
Satiation
The feeling of satisfaction and fullness that occurs during a meal and halts eating.
90
